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MANOEUVRES 



FOR 



INFANTRY 



BY 

W. R LIVERMORE 

MAJOR CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY 



SECOXD EDITION 



PRINCIPLES AND FORMS 



NEW YORK 
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 









Copyright, 1884, 1887, 1888, by 
W. R. UVERMORE 

Transfer 
Bnglneers School Liby. 
June 29,1931 



TROWS 

PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY, 

NEW YORK. 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 



Until quite recently the tactics of all nations 
have been based upon the lines or columns of a 
comparatively rigid nature. The formations were 
the outgrowth of shock tactics, and all changes 
were so conservative that they gradually modified 
the old form to meet requirements quite different 
from those for which they were originally designed. 

It is believed that the time has come to throw 
off the old form and adopt one more general and 
more comprehensive. 

From the lessons of the recent wars it has been 
found necessary to sca"tter*troops over a large area, 
in order to advance under fire with as little loss as 
possible, and to unite them in small groups, in order 
to maintain the proper control and direction. 

The proposed system of manoeuvres resulted from 
a careful study of the recent wars and of the nu- 
merous deductions made from them by military 
writers of all countries, and from an analysis of 
the consequences of still further improvements in 
weapons. It has been further developed by experi- 



PEEFACE. 

mental drills with infantry and cavalry from time 
to time for the past eight years. 

The following principles are observed as far as 
possible : 

1. To afford means of disposing troops in any 
general manner whatever by combination of a few 
simple movements. 

2. To organize and manoeuvre large and small 
bodies alike. 

3. To manoeuvre in the same manner whether 
the fractions are in line, in square, or in column, 
in open or in close order. 

4. To employ the same commands and terms, as 
far as possible, always in the same sense. 

5. To make every man responsible to his imme- 
diate superior. 

The manoeuvres described in the second part are 
to be regarded as illustrations of the principles of 
the new tactics, so far as they apply to infantry, 
rather than as statutes denning what may be done, 
to the exclusion of other combinations. 

The requirements of a proper system of tactics 
were brought to light by the great war in America, 
and further developed by subsequent wars in Eu- 
rope. Every nation but our own has modified its 
drill-book to comply with them. Each has intro- 
duced such changes as the national temperament 
has demanded, but it is claimed that the system 
now presented affords a better solution of the new 
problems than that of any foreign nation. 



PREFACE. 

In a modern fight a body of troops in action is 
no longer maintained in rigid masses, drawn up in 
forms that can be represented by geometrical fig- 
ures, but assumes all shapes and dimensions that 
can be imagined, and the parts are grouped in 
every conceivable disposition. If, however, the 
subordination of command is maintained through- 
out, a leader can communicate his orders to these 
irregular groups as well as he could to the rigid and 
inert masses of the old tactics. 

However troops may be disposed, all possible 
manoeuvres result from a combination of a very 
few simple movements, such as to advance or to 
turn, to open or close, to form line, column, or 
square in any direction. In this system the ma- 
noeuvres are executed on the simplest principles *, 
they are the same for large as for small units, and 
the subject of elementary tactics is reduced to the ut- 
most simplicity. A regiment marches, turns, opens, 
closes, forms line, square, or column, by the same 
commands and means as a battalion or a company. 
Even the sections, and the squads and fours, into 
which a company is subdivided, manoeuvre like the 
larger units, so far as their limited organization 
permits. Troops in open order, in mass, or even 
in irregular groups, move in the same manner as 
when at their normal distance. By this method 
each man has merely to look to his immediate su- 
perior for instructions, and to preserve his position 
with respect to the proper guide. 



PKEFACE. 

It is believed that this system differs from others 
in this important particular, that whereas the latter 
apply only to a certain limited number of disposi- 
tions, this simply provides a language by means of 
which a leader communicates his wishes to the 
troops, and which enables him to dispose them in 
any manner that the various exigencies of warfare 
may demand. The methods are applicable to all 
branches of the service. 

The principles of the new tactics are illustrated 
by applying them to those forms that hereafter will 
be most commonly employed, but they afford at 
the same time a simple and satisfactory means of 
executing the manoeuvres of any of the other sys- 
tems. 

The first and second parts of the manual relate to 
elementary tactics, and show how to move troops 
wherever they may be required and in any desir- 
able formation. The third part relates to applied 
tactics, and is intended to show what dispositions 
are most advisable under different circumstances. 
To illustrate the principles and define the terms of 
the new tactics, a battalion of four companies has 
been taken as a type, each company composed of 
four sections, each section of four or more sets 
of fours, and each set of fours of four men. The 
plates show some of the normal formations. 

The present work is devoted exclusively to the 
manoeuvres and their application to the varied cir- 
cumstances of a fight, in order that the merits of 



PREFACE. 

the new system may be tested independently of 
the questions involved in the School of the Soldier 
and in the customary forms of parades and cere- 
monies. The system, however, is applicable to all 
these requirements, but before putting it in its final 
shape it is desirable to make it more generally 
known, so that it may be made to conform to all 
requirements of the service ; and the author would 
feel exceedingly grateful for any suggestions or 
criticisms. 

The second part of the ' ' Manoeuvres " corresponds 
to the drill-book, and covers the same ground that 
has heretofore been embraced in the book of tactics, 
with the above exceptions. The School of the Com- 
pany contains a description of many manoeuvres 
that will be omitted from the tactics. These move- 
ments serve to illustrate the principles in their 
varied applications, and each is a type of a similar 
manoeuvre that may perhaps be advantageously 
practised by one of the larger units. A few of the 
movements described in the School of the Battalion 
may also be omitted for similar reasons. 

A school for the set of fours would be highly 
useful to instruct guides, markers, and others in 
the nomenclature of the system, and prepare them 
for their duties in connection with the higher units ; 
but this school requires no special description, as 
the commands and means are readily inferred from 
the School of the Company and Battalion. 

The works of Scott, Hardie, Casey, Coppee, Up- 



PEEFACE. 

ton and other American writers, as well as the tac- 
tics of most of the European nations, have been 
consulted from time to time, in the preparation of 
the system, with a view to embodying the most de- 
sirable features of each, while simplifying the 
means of performing the manoeuvres. Valuable 
suggestions have been given from time to time, by 
officers of all branches of the service, to all of whom 
the author is deeply indebted, especially to those 
of the 22d Infantry, and the 8th Cavalry. 

Arrangement of Contents. 

The subject-matter is presented, first, in a gen- 
eral form ; second, these principles are tabulated 
in the synopsis which follows ; third, they are 
then exemplified by applying them to special cases 
in Part II. , which corresponds to the ordinary drill- 
book ; fourth, the diagrams alone are nearly suf- 
ficient to explain the new methods. 

It is suggested to the reader that he should first 
examine the latter throughout the book, and then 
glance over the Table of Contents and the Synopti- 
cal Tables at the end of Part I. These tables are in- 
tended to serve as a memorandum of the contents 
of this part. Part II., however, is written with a 
view to make it explicit, without reference to the 
other matter. 

The manoeuvres appear in their simplest forms 
when the units and sub-units are at full distance, 
but it is found to be better to begin the Section 
viii 



PREFACE. 

Drill in close order, and to practise the same ma- 
noeuvres at full distance as soon as the men become 
familiar with the method and acquire more confi- 
dence. 

In the School of the Company it is better to be- 
gin with the sections in close order and the com- 
pany at full distance. In the School of the Battal- 
ion the principles appear in their simple forms, 
which are necessarily somewhat modified in the 
lower units on account of their imperfect organi- 
zation requiring one man to perform the functions 
that devolve upon several in the higher units. 

It is therefore unnecessary to write out a School 
of the Regiment, Brigade, etc. 

Explanation of Diagrams. 

In the diagrams on a large scale, the rectangle 
representing a private is blank ; number one has a 
line through the centre ; a corporal is lightly 
shaded, a sergeant is divided diagonally, a marker 
is crossed in the centre. The sergeant-major, bat- 
talion guides and markers, have a border ; a lieu- 
tenant is a solid block ; an adjutant, a solid block 
with a border ; a captain, a solid block with a cross ; 
a major, a solid block with a double cross and bor- 
der. 

On a smaller scale, companies, sections, etc., are 
represented by shaded squares, the company- 
officers and guides by dots, the battalion guides by 
circles, directors by rectangles, each with different 
ix 



PREFACE. 

devices to represent their successive positions. The 
formations for combat, etc., are explained in the 
text of Part I. 

The manoeuvres of the battalion are so similar to 
those of the company that, in general, the same 
diagram applies to both. 



Explanation of Abbreviations. 


In General: 




U. =Large Unit. 


R. =Right. 


u. = Small Unit. 


L. =Left. 


Ch.= Chief. 


F. = Front, 


D. ^Director. 


Rr. =Rear. 


G. =Guide. 


C. = Centre. 


M. ^Marker. 


R.F.=Right F 



In Tables IV. and V : 

R.F. =The unit faces to the right and front. 
H. =The unit halts or stands fast. 

In Table VIII. : 

■JU. =Half Unit distance. 
0. =No distance. 

In describing the manoeuvres in Part I. the words 
that are expressed in the command are printed in 

SMALL CAPITALS. 

In Part II. , the original formation is expressed 
at the top of the page in Large and Small Capi- 
tals. 

x 



PREFACE. 

The commands of the chief in Full Faced Type, 

and those of the subordinate chiefs in Italics* 

In the text a word in each paragraph is printed 
in small capitals, to attract attention to the sub- 
ject-matter of the paragraph. 

The initials R.F., L.Rr., etc., refer to the posi- 
tion which each unit is supposed to occupy in the 
original formation, viz. : The Right Front Section, 
the Left Rear Section, etc., the number, etc., that 
follow, viz. : 1st S. , 3rd S. , etc. , indicate that the 
chief of the right front section gives the command : 
First Section, Bight Dress, etc. It is to be under- 
stood, however, that if any other section, etc., were 
occupying the ime position, the command would 
be the same, excepting the number of the section, 
etc. 

* The asterisks prefixed to several of the para- 
graphs and commands indicate that the movements 
referred to are no essential part of a System of Tac- 
tics, but are inserted in this edition of the Manoeu- 
vres to explain the application of the principles. 



CONTENTS. 



PART Z— PRINCIPLES. 

PAGE 

Organization— Table 1 1 

The Xormal Organization 1 

Irregular Organization 3 

Designation of Units, etc 4 

Disposition— Table II 5 

Form 5 

Order 5 

The Xormal Order 5 

Irregular Order 6 

Order in Other Arms 6 

Distances Defined 7 

At Full Distance 7 

Units and Halves 7 

Markers, Guides, etc 12 

Directors and Chiefs 15 

Definition of Unit FrofU, etc 16 

In Close Order 17 

In Open Order , 21 

In Formation for Combat 23 

Assembling, Etc.— Table III 27 

Facing— Table III 28 

Marching— Table III 28 

Changing Direction— Table IV 29 

By Wheeling 29 

By Turning 29 

By Turning the Units 33 

By Change of Front 33 

xiii 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Transposing— Table V 34 

General Rules 34 

Square and Line 37 

Square and Column 39 

Line and Column 41 

Line and Echelon 42 

Halves 43 

Opening and Closing— Table VI 43 

Combined Manceuvres— Table VII 47 

Transposing and Opening, etc 47 

Transposing, Opening, etc. , by Turning 47 

Changing Direction in Transposing 49 

Aligning, Etc.— Table VIII 53 

Fixing New Positions 53 

In Transposing 53 

In Opening and Closing 57 

In Changing Direction 57 

Rules for Markers 58 

Dressing 58 

Commands— Table IX 61 

General 61 

Special 62 

Abbreviations 63 

Common Manoeuvres — Table X 64 

Synopsis— 66 

Table 1 66 

Table II 67 

Tables III., IV 68 

Tables V, IV 69 

Table V 70 

Tables VI. , VII 71 

Table VIII 72 

Tables VLLL, IX., X 73 

xiv 



CONTENTS. 

PART II— FORMS. 
SCHOOL OF THE SECTION. 

PAGE 

Organization 75 

The Assembly, Etc 77 

To Assemble in Square, etc 80 

To Rally 81 

Manceutres 83 

In Close Order 83 

In Square 83 

To Dress 83 

To Face 85 

To March 85 

To Change Direction 91 

In Line or Column 93 

To Dress 93 

To Face 93 

To March 93 

To Change Direction 94 

Transpositions 95 

Square and Line 95 

Square and Column 97 

Line to Column 100 

At Full and Double Distance 102 

To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose. . . 102 

To Open and Close 105 

Close Order and Full Distance 105 

In Square 105 

In Line 106 

Close Order to Double Distance 108 

Rear Open Order 108 

Full Distance to Double, etc., Distance. . . 109 

To Transpose in Opening, etc 116 

Single and Double Rank 116 

xv 



CONTENTS. 

SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. 

PAGE 

Organization 119 

The Assembly, Etc 122 

To Assemble 122 

To Rally 125 

Manceuyr.es 127 

At Full Distance 127 

In Square 127 

To Dress 127 

To March 130 

To Face 132 

To Change Direction 137 

In Line or Column 143 

To Dress 143 

To Face 147 

To March 145 

To Change Direction 148 

Transpositions 149 

Square and Line 149 

Square and Column 158 

Line to Column and Echelon 163 

In Close Order 171 

To Dress, March, Turn 171 

At Double Distance 179 

To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose... 179 

To Open and Close 179 

In Square 179 

In Line 185 

To Transpose in Opening, etc 192 

To Form for Combat 193 



CONTENTS. 

SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. 

PAGE 

Organization 199 

The Assembly, Etc 201 

To Assemble 201 

To Rally 205 

Manoeuvres 206 

At Full Distance 206 

In Square 206 

To Dress 206 

To Face 207 

To March 207 

To Change Direction 213 

In Line or Column 221 

To Dress 221 

To March 222 

To Face 224 

To Change Direction 226 

Transpositions 229 

Square and Line 229 

Square and Column 235 

Line to Column and Echelon 239 

In Close Order 250 

To Dress, March, Turn 250 

At Double Distance 259 

To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose . . . 259 

To Open and Close 259 

In Square 259 

In Line 266 

To Transpose in Opening, etc 267 

To Form for Combat, etc 275 

APPLICATION TO HIGHER UNITS. 

School of Regiment, Brigade, Etc 281 

xvii 



MANffiUVRES FOR INFANTRY. 



PAKT I. PRINCIPLES. 



ORGANIZATION. 

The Normal Organization. 

The most convenient form for manoeu- 
vring is that in which four units of each de- 
nomination are combined in one of the 
next higher. 

Thus the set of fours comprises four men. 
The section four sets of fours, the company 
four sections, the battalion four companies, 
the regiment four battalions, the brigade 
four regiments, etc. 

The units are divided into halves, as fol- 
lows : The set of fours into two sets of twos, 
and the section, company, etc., into two 
squads, platoons, subdivisions, wings, and 
half brigades, respectively. 
1 



OEGANIZATION. 

The units are commanded by chiefs, as 
follows : 

The chief of a set of fours is number one ; 
of a section, etc., a sergeant, captain, major, 
colonel, and brigadier-general, respectively. 

The half unit generally has a chief. He 
does not, however, give tactical commands 
in the manoeuvres, excepting in the forma- 
tion for combat, and when his command 
moves as a unit, but he sees that those of 
the chief of the unit are properly executed. 

The chief of a set of twos is the file 
leader ; the chief o* a squad is a corporal ; 
that of a platoon is a lieutenant. No chief 
is provided in our organization for the sub- 
division, although one would be desirable. 
The chief of a wing, etc., is a lieutenant- 
colonel, etc. 

The markers define the position of the unit 
to which they belong, and the guides keep 
the markers of the subunits in their proper 
places. 

In action the guides and markers assist 
the chief in transmitting orders and act as 
orderlies. 

2 



ORGANIZATION. 

Two guides and four markers are assigned 
to each of the principal units. 

The guides for the company, battalion, etc., 
are sergeants ; those for the section are 
the corporals, who are also chiefs of squad. 

The markers for the company, battalion, 
etc., are privates. In the section the place 
of the markers in marching is taken by the 
corporals, who are guides, and in defining 
new positions by the sergeants, who are 
chiefs of section. 

Two directors are assigned to each of the 
principal units. It is their duty to super- 
vise the guides and markers and direct the 
establishment of new positions. For the 
higher units these duties are performed by 
the aides ; for the regiment and battalion, by 
the adjutant and sergeant-major ; for the 
company, by the lieutenants, who are also 
chiefs of platoon. 

Irregular Organization. 

A section may be formed of any number 
of men not exceeding twenty-four, and pref- 
erably not less than ten. 
3 



OKGANIZATION. 

Each of the other units may embrace any 
number of the next lower, but preferably not 
more than four, and unless in very excep- 
tional cases not more than six. 

In the imperfect and irregular organiza- 
tions the principles are carried out as far 
as possible. 

Designation of Units, etc 

The several units are numbered in order 
of the rank of their commanders : First, 
second, third, fourth, etc. They preserve 
these designations throughout the manoeu- 
vres. Each unit is so addressed by its proper 
commander, but is designated in the com- 
mands of his superiors according to its posi- 
tion for the time being, as the front or rear, 

RIGHT Or LEFT, FRONT CENTRE 01' REAR CENTRE, 
RIGHT CENTRE Or LEFT CENTRE, RIGHT FRONT Or 
LEFT REAR, etc. 

The DIRECTING UNITS, GUIDES, and MARKERS 

are those from whom the positions of the 
others are regulated. 



DISPOSITION. 

Form. 

The following are the principal forms in 
which troops are disposed : The line, in 
which units are side by side ; the column, 
in which one is in front of another ; the 
squabe, or double column, which in the nor- 
mal organization is composed of four units 
so disposed that two form the front line and 
two the rear line, two the right column and 
two the left column ; and the echelon, in 
which the units are arranged in steps. 

The rank is a line of one man in depth. 
The file is a column of one man in width. 

Order, 
the normal order. 
The normal order of the units is as fol- 
lows : 

In square, those with odd numbers in the 
right column, etc. ; the first numbers of 
each in the front line, etc. 
5 



DISPOSITION. 

In line, those with the odd numbers on 
the right, etc. ; the first numbers of each 
side in the centre of the line, etc. 

In column, those with the odd numbers 
in the front half ; the first numbers in the 
front of each half, etc. 

The normal order of the half units is — 

In square and line, the first on the right. 
In column, the first in front. 

IRREGULAR ORDER. 

The order of the units, etc., may be in- 
verted in any manner whatever, but the 
parts of one section, company, etc., should 
not be mixed with those of another when it 
can be avoided, and it is preferable, though 
not essential, that the squads, platoons, etc., 
should be kept distinct. 

ORDER IN OTHER ARMS. 

The normal order for cavalry is with the 
men in each set of fours formed in one 
rank, and numbered from right to left, one, 
two, three and four. 

The other dispositions are similar in all 
respects to those of infantry. 
6 



DISPOSITION. 

The same nomenclature and dispositions 
apply to artillery and to all arms of the 
service, as far as their nature admits. 

Distances, etc. 

Distances are measured from centre to 
centre, and in any direction. Intervals are 
the spaces between adjacent units not occu- 
pied by the body of the units. 

The terms full distance, close order, etc., 
company distance, etc., are explained below. 

At Full Distance. 

the units and half units. 

in square. 

The private occupies 46 inches' ; numbers 
one and three on the right forming the first 
two, numbers one and two forming the 
front rank. 

The set of four occupies 92 inches ; the 
first, third, and fifth on the right forming 
the first squad, the first and second in the 
front rank of each squad, etc. 

The section occupies a length equal to 
that of all its fours and one more. This 
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COMPANY IN SQUARE OF SECTION.. 
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BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
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BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
IN SQUARE IN CLOSE ORDER. 



* 



DISPOSITION. 

length is called section distance, whatever 
may be the space occupied by the fours. 
It is the deploying distance for the section. 

The first, third, etc., sections are on the 
right, forming the first platoon ; the first 
and second sections in the front of the re- 
spective platoons. 

The company occupies a space equal to 
that of all its sections and one more of av- 
erage size. This is company distance. The 
first, third, etc., are on the right, forming 
the first subdivision, etc., the first and second 
in front, etc. 

The battalion occupies a space equal to 
that of all its companies and one more of 
average size. This is battalion distance, 
etc. 

The higher units, when they are at full 
distance, are disposed in a similar manner. 

in line. 

The space occupied by each unit and the 

unit distance are the same as in square, but 

the units in the normal order are arranged 

side by side as follows, beginning at the 

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DISPOSITION. 

right : Third, first, second, fourth. If more 
than four are present, those with odd num- 
bers on the right of the third and those 
with even numbers on the left of the fourth 
in the same order. 

IN COLUMN. 

The unit distance is the same, but the 
order is as follows, in the normal organiza- 
tion : The first, third, second, fourth. If 
more are present, those with odd numbers 
behind the third, those with even numbers 
behind the fourth. 

POSTS OF THE MARKERS AND GUIDES. 
IN SQUARE. 

The section guides on the flanks of the 
front rank of the front fours, 46 inches dis- 
tant from the right man. The company 
guides on the line of the guides of the 
front sections, and each three-fourths sec- 
tion distance from the centre of the nearest 
section, so 'that when this is in square its 
guide is about half section distance from 
the company guide. 

The company markers in square, half com- 
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DISPOSITION. 

pany distance apart. The front markers 
half section distance in front of the guides. 
The directing marker five-fourths section 
distance right or left of the centre of the 
company. The other front marker half 
company distance from him. The rear 
markers behind the front markers. 

The battalion guides on the line of the 
front company markers, at three-fourths 
company distance from the centre of the 
directing company. 

The battalion markers in square at half 
battalion distance. The front markers half 
company distance in front of the guides ; 
the directing marker five-fourths battalion 
distance from the centre of the battalion. 

The guides and markers of the higher units 
are similarly disposed. 

in line. 

The guides and markers as in square. 

The directing guide's distance is taken 
from the flank unit on the side of direction. 

IN COLUMN. 

The guides and markers of a column are 
placed like those of a line which has faced 
14 



DISPOSITION. 

to the side of direction, every man turning 
in his place. 

POSTS OF THE DIRECTORS AND CHIEFS. 
EN SQUARE. 

The directors are directly behind the 
guides. Those of the company are on the 
line of the guides of the rear section ; those 
of the battalion on the line of the front 
markers of the rear companies, etc. 

The chiefs of the wings of the regiments 
are directly outside the directors, etc. 

The chief of section is 46 inches in front 
of the centre of the front rank of the sec- 
tion. The chief of the company is one- 
fourth section distance in front of the line 
of the section guides. The chief of the bat- 
talion is one-fourth company distance in 
front of the company markers. 

When a square manoeuvres independently 
the post of its chief is the centre of the 
square. 

in line. 

The directors and chiefs of half com- 
panies, regiments, etc., are behind the cen- 
15 



DISPOSITION. 

tres of their platoons, etc., and one-fourth 
section distance from the rear rank, etc. 

The chief of company, etc., is one-fourth 
section distance in front of the centre of 
his company, etc. 

IN COLUMN. 

The places of the directors, chiefs, etc., 
in a line which has faced to the side of direc- 
tion, correspond to their original places, but 
in the column of march the chief is on the 
flank of the front unit and at the same dis- 
tance as in line. 

definition of section front, etc. 

"When all the units are at full distance the 
sections are at section distance, the com- 
panies at company distance, etc., and a sec- 
tion distance is the equal to a section front, 
a company distance to a company front, etc. 
In the normal organization — i.e., when each 
unit contains four of the next lower — a sec- 
tion front is equal to five times 92 inches, or 
12.8 yards; a company front is five times 
12.8 yards, or 64 yards; a battalion front is 
five times 64 yards, or 320 yards, etc. If the 
section has twenty-four privates, and each 
16 



DISPOSITION. 

other unit has four of the next lower, the sec- 
tion front, etc., are 18, 90, 450 yards, etc. 

When the fours and the higher units are 
in line at full distance, they are at the proper 
distance to form single rank in close order, 
or touching elbows. 

In Close Order. 

units, chiefs, directors, guides, etc. 

The units are disposed in the same order 
as at full distance. 

IN SQUARE. 

The men are 23 inches apart, so that those 
in the same rank lightly touch elbows. The 
fours are 46 inches apart. The section 
guides touch elbows with the front rank 
men. The guides of the front sections touch 
elbows ; so do those of the rear sections. 
The front rank of the rear sections is four 
times 23 inches, or 2|- yards, behind the rear 
rank of the front sections. The chiefs of 
the front sections are 46 inches in front of 
the centre of the front rank. Those of the 
rear sections are on the outer flanks of their 
sections and touch elbows with the section 
17 



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Mill I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 



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-I I I I I I l I I | I I I I I I I I I 



BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
IN SQUARE IN' CLOSE ORDER, 



o 



o 
o 

2 _. 


nnfl 


TJ 


n 


> 
Z 


::: 


-< 




> 


m\ 





o 

33 
O 

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30 



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1 B 



DISPOSITION. 

guides. The company guides touch elbows 
with the guides of the front sections. The 
front company markers are 46 inches in front 
of the guides. The rear markers 46 inches 
from the flank and 23 inches behind the rear 
rank. The directors are 46 inches in front 
of the chiefs of the rear section. The chiefs 
of the front companies 2J yards in front of 
the centre of the front rank. The chiefs of 
the rear companies 46 inches outside the 
company markers. The markers of the 
neighboring companies are 46 inches apart. 
The battalion guides are 46 inches from the 
company markers. The front battalion 
markers 2|- yards in front of the guides, etc. 
"When some of the units are in close order, 
and the others at full distance, the disposi- 
tions correspond as nearly as possible with 
the above. 

IN LINE AND COLUMN. 
In the BATTALION IN TWO RANKS IN CLOSE 

order, the sections are in close order and 
the companies and battalion at full dis- 
tance. The company distance is thus half 
the company front, and the battalion dis- 
20 



DISPOSITION. 

tance half the battalion front. The dispo- 
sitions are identical with those at full dis- 
tance, but all the distances are one-half as 
great. 

In the battalion in single bank in close 
order, the privates and corporals touch el- 
bows. An interval of 46 inches is left be- 
tween the sections. The battalion in column 
in close order is disposed on similar princi- 
ples. The relative positions are the same as 
at full distance. 

Open Order. 

• 

The dispositions are the same as at full 
distance, but the distances are preferably 
two, three, four, etc., times as great. 

When the sections are opened out the 
corporals are 2£ yards in front of the front 
rank of their squads. The sergeants 2 -J- yards 
in front of the front of the rear fours. In 
marching column they are near the heads 
of the columns. 

The BATTALION IN SQUARE, OPEN ORDER, with 

the companies, etc., at full distance. 

The front battalion markers as far apart 
21 



d d 



6 



d □ 

2' 1 

4 ^__^ 



4 3 4 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE DISTANCE RIGHT 

OPEN SQUARE. 



2 1 

D □: 



4 / 



/ 4 






TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR OPEN SQUARE. 



DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 



DISPOSITION. 

as at full distance, and equally distant from 
the centre of the battalion. 

The real' markers behind the front mark- 
ers, and half company distance in front of 
the front markers of the rear companies. 

The battalion guides as at full distance. 

The battalion in line in open order. 

The rear markers are on the prolongation 
of the line of the front markers, and half 
battalion distance from them on their re- 
spective flanks. 

Formation for Combat, 
units. 

The normal formation of a regiment for 
combat is with all the units in square. 

The battalions of the second line and all 
their companies and sections at full dis- 
tance, these battalions being at their proper 
front apart. 

The rear companies of the battalions of 
the first line 400 yards in front of the front 
companies of the second line, and twice com- 
pany front apart. These companies are 
called the reserves. 

23 



REINFORCEMENTS 



•*-• 



s: a 



•■■* ■■• • 



RE3IMENTIN FORMATION FOR COMBAT, 



DISPOSITION. 

The rear sections of the front companies 
400 yards in front of the front sections of 
the companies behind them, and twice sec- 
tion front apart. These sections are called 
the supports. 

The rear fours of the front sections 200 
yards in front of the front fours of the sec- 
tions behind them, and twice their normal 
front, or 5 yards, apart. These fours are 
called the re-enfobcements. 

The front fours 200 yards in front of 
the rear fours, and double distance apart. 
These fours are called the sktr:mishers. 

A second formation f or combat is like the 
normal form, excepting that the front com- 
panies, sections, and fours only are opened 
out, and the rear companies, etc., are at their 
proper front, instead of at twice that distance. 

CHIEFS, ETC. 

When the companies, battalions, etc., are 
in different lines, the captains, majors, etc., 
are half way between the rear line and the 
next line, and the lieutenants, lieutenant- 
colonels, etc., are half way between the 
25 



DISPOSITION. 

chief of the company, etc., and the most ad* 
vanced unit of the platoon, etc. 

The corporals 2£ yards in front of the fir- 
ing line. 

The sergeants 2£ yards in front of the re- 
enforcements. 

When all the units forming a section, 
company, etc., are in the same line the 
chief is as far behind the centre as half the 
distance between the flanks, and the chief 
of each squad, platoon, etc., is half as far 
behind its centre. In firing the corporals 
come up on the line. 



ASSEMBLY, RALLY, ETC. 

To assemble a section, company, battalion, 
etc., is to bring together its parts in the 
normal order in any of the formations above 
described. Unless otherwise specified, the 
assembly is made in line of section squares, 
the sections in close order, the companies, 
etc., at full distance. 

To bally a section, company, etc., is to 
bring together the parts in the above for- 
mation, unless otherwise specified, preserv- 
ing the original organization in the forma- 
tion of the assembly, but with the units ar- 
ranged in any order whatever, and forming 
upon that first on the ground as a basis. 

The assembly and rally may, however, be 
made at any distance and in any formation 
by so specifying. 

The rally is made at double time without 
special command, and if under fire the sec- 
tions take full distance and lie down. 



27 



FACING, MAECHING, ETC. 

When every man turns on his own ground 
the units are said to face to the right, half 
right, right rear, right about, etc., according 
as their new direction makes an angle of 
90°, 45°, 135°, 180°, etc., with the old. 

Marching- is conducted in quick time at 
half step, or in double time, — the rate is 
120 steps of 30 inches in a minute, 120 steps 
of 15 inches, or 180 steps of 36 inches. The 
backward step is sometimes used at the rate 
of 120 steps of 15 inches in a minute. 

In marching at route step no regular ca- 
dence is preserved, and the rate of march 
varies with the nature of the ground. 



28 



CHANGING DIRECTION. 

The change of direction is made either by 
wheeling or by turning. The former is un- 
necessary, unless it be for parades and cere- 
monies. Both are made upon one of the 
guides as a pivot. 

Wheel. 

At a halt a body of troops wheels by 
simply revolving upon its pivot, all the 
parts maintaining rigidly their relative posi- 
tions. On the march the front wheels as at a 
halt and moves in the new direction, but 
each of the rear units follows in the track 
of the unit in front of it. 

Turn. 
To turn at a halt each unit proceeds by 
the shortest path to its new place. On the 
march the front units move independently 
to their new paths. The rear units follow 
them. The units on the flank toward the 
new direction take the half step, the other 
units the full step, until the formation is re- 
stored. 

29 



/ 







d d ° 



RIGHT TURN. 
(MARCHING.) 




• rftt 

2 \ I 

D X D 



4 3 

RIGHT TURN. 
MARCH- 



CHANGING DIRECTION. 

*At a halt. 

At a halt the several units move to their 
new positions by combining the direct march 
with the turn or oblique march, according 
as the change is made toward the new di- 
rection or toward the opposite side. The 
unit having the longest march has the right 
of way. A turn may be made on the guide 
opposite the change of direction as a pivot, 
by facing about and turning each unit on its 
new front. For a change of a right angle 
or less the front units make half the change 
before and half after advancing. For a 
change of more than a right angle they turn 
far enough to reach their new positions, while 
avoiding the units nearer the pivot, which 
do not advance until the path of the re- 
moter units is free. 

In close order each unit advances until it 
comes behind its new position, and makes 
all the change in one turn. The march by 
the flank takes the place of the oblique. In 
a long column in close order the turn should 
be made in double time in order to clear 
the pivot. 

31 



CHANGING DIRECTION. 

Thus, to turn to the right at full dis- 
tance, the front units turn half right, ad- 
vance, and turn half right again. The left 
rear unit advances, turns half right, ad- 
vances, and turns half right. The right rear 
unit obliques to the left, marches forward, 
and turns to the right. 

To TURN to the LEFT OH the RIGHT GUIDE, 

all face about. The front units make rather 
more than half a turn to the left, advance, 
and complete the turn. The left rear unit 
makes a full turn and advances to its place. 
The right rear unit makes a full turn, ad- 
vances, and obliques to its place — all face 
about. 

ON THE MARCH. 

To turn on the march, the front unit on 
the side of the change makes half the turn, 
advances at half step, makes the other half 
turn, and advances at half step. The other 
front units make half the turn, advance at 
full step, etc. The rear unit on the side of 
the change follows the front unit at half 
step. The other rear units follow at full 
step until the formation is restored. 
32 



CHANGING DIRECTION. 

To turn in close order on the march, each 
unit advances until it comes to its new path 
and makes all the turn at once. 

A line turns like the front line of a square. 
A column like the column of a square on the 
side of the change. 

Marching at double time, the units near 
the pivot march in quick time. 

A turn from a halt is made like one on the 
march when it is followed by an advance, 
to change direction by turning the units. 

The units of which a body of troops is 
composed may all turn simultaneously, each 
on its own pivot and at any angle. 

TO CHANGE FRONT. 

A body of troops may be revolved upon 
its centre so as to change front to right, left, 
or rear, as follows : To change front to the 
right, each unit faces so that the centre of 
the square shall be on its right and front. 
It then takes the place of the unit that it is 
facing, turns to the right, and faces to the 
new front. A change of front to left is made 
by opposite means. A change to the rear 
by turning twice to the right. 
33 



TRANSPOSING. 

General Kules. 

Simple transpositions are made without 
change of direction or distance, by moving 
the units of which a body of troops is com- 
posed at angles of 90°, 45°, or multiples 
thereof. 

One disposition is changed into another 
when all the units that are first on the 
ground to be occupied by the new formation 
stand fast, and the others come into posi- 
tion with reference to them. One disposi- 
tion is said to be formed from another when 
one or more of the units on the new ground 
moves to another position. 

In changing into line, column, square, 
etc., on a certain unit, this unit stands fast, 
and the others come into line, column, etc., 
on it. To form line, etc., on a certain unit, 
this unit moves by the most direct path to 
the new ground, and the others form on it 
as a basis. 

34 



TRANSPOSING. 

In forming line from square, and con- 
versely, it is assumed that the order of the 
units is so far preserved that those units 
adjacent in line are adjacent in square. If, 
however, the change is made by each Half 
separately, this is not the case, nor if each 
Half moves as a unit. The latter is called 
a change by platoon, subdivision, wing, etc. 

It is assumed, unless otherwise specified, 
that the units will be at the same distance 
from each other in the new formation. 

The columns of which the square is com- 
posed manoeuvre like single columns, and 
the lines like single lines, as nearly as pos- 
sible. 

In forming square from line it is assumed 
that the centre units go to the front, and 
conversely. In forming square from col- 
umn it is assumed that the centre sections 
move out of the column, and conversely. 

The movements described as made to the 
right may also be made to the left, unless 
the contrary is expressly stated, and con- 
versely. 



35 



E±TllJ tZTti] " 

4- 3 

REAR FORM LINE. 

2 1 / 

U Lf 

4 3 

RIGHT INTO LINE. 



Q00D 

4\ 2 1 /3 



REAR INTO SQUARE. 



□ d n 

2 1 /a / 4 



LEFT REAR INTO SQUARE. 



2 ; 1 

a a—" 

4- 3 

RIGHT FORM LINE. 



nmra d 

4. 2 1 y 8 

' 0" 

LEFT REAR FORM SQUARE. 



h tirtrlE 



RIGHT REAR FORM LINE. 



■ sWtrn 

4 2 13 

LEFT FORM SQUARE. 



TRANSPOSING 

EN CLOSE ORDER. 

All the changes are made by moving the 
units at right angles. 

AT FULL DISTANCE AND EN" OPEN ORDER. 

The ^changes are made by obliquing 
whenever the courses of the units can be 
shortened thereby. 

The units always take the shortest route 
that involves no interruption, if possible. If 
the paths cross, the unit that has to make 
the longest march has the right of way. If 
the lengths are equal, the unit nearest the 
new directing guide has precedence. 

When an oblique march is combined with 
one at right angles or parallel to the front, 
the course should be such as not to crowd 
the units. 

IAL. 

The following are the principal transposi- 
tion- . 

a HE To LINE. 

Front lnto line. The rear units go to 
the flanks. 

Rear form line. The front units go to 
the rear, the rear units to the flanks. 



p 

p 

ate 

2 /l 

n h 

4- 3 

BY SECTIONS, 
RIGHT FORM COLUMN. 



■ tn x i ■ 

\ 2 



4 

D 

4 

BY SECThONS, 

RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 



'la 



D"t3 



□ B 

2 

n 

3 
□ 

■ in in ■ 4 

LZJ LU ON FRONT SECTION, 

2 TO RIGHT 

FRONT INTO COLUMN. 



Sin 



ri 



R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, 

TO FRONT RIGHT 

FORM COLUMN. 



F.C. AND RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
FORM SQUARE. 



m 



B [If rrf rrT^rzr B 

-tjtt ~^^ tu ! 

13 I- ! 

h b b b 



4 2 13 

ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
RIGHT INTO LINE! 



4 2 1 

ON LEFT SECTION, 
FRONT INTO ECHELON. 






TRANSPOSING. 

Right front into line. The right rear 
unit goes to the right and front. The left 
rear unit goes to the right and comes up on 
the right of the left rear unit. 

Right front form line. The front units go 
to the right. The left rear unit goes to the 
front. The right rear unit goes to the right 
and comes up on the right of the front units. 

Right rear form line. The front sections 
go to the right and rear. The right rear 
section goes to the right. 

LINE TO SQUARE. 

The following are the reverse of the 
above changes : Rear into square, front 

FORM SQUARE, LEFT REAR TNTO SQUARE, LEFT REAR 
FORM SQUARE, LEFT front FORM SQUARE. 

SQUARE TO COLUMN. 

Right front by half — form column. The 
right Half advances, the left Half, etc., goes 
to the right. 

Right front by squad, platoon, etc., into 
column. 

The right Half stands fast, the left Half 
comes up in front. 

39 



B# tfta m In" 


1 


£ 


\ \ P 


fe 


\ 3 
\ 2 


fa 


□ 

4 

F. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 


u u~1±ra 

4 2 13 
H 
R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
FORM COLUMN. 


N 1 I 







fe 


\ a 


fe 


d 

4 

R. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 


U U B u 

4 2 13 

R. C. AND L. C.TO FRONT 
FORM COLUMN. 


B [If Hf [TTIa] " 

G ! 


4 


<n 


v5 

\ 2 

n 

4 


4\ 2\ 


3D 

1 3 

!3 


ON F. C. TO FRONT, 

F. TO RIGHT. 

LEFT FORM LINE. 


1 

ON RIGHT 
LEFT INTO 


I 

CENTER. 

COLUMN 



TRANSPOSING. 

By units, right front form column. The 
right front unit advances. The left units 
move to the right and front, between the 
right units. 

By units, right front into column. The 
right units stand fast and the left units form 
in front of them, in inverse order. 

COLUMN TO SQUARE. 

Right front by Half form square. The 
front Half goes to the right, the rear Half 
goes to the front. 

Right front by Half into square. The 
front Half stands fast, the rear squad comes 
up on the right. 

By units right front form square. The 
centre units move to the right and front. 
The rear unit closes up. 

By units, right front into square. The 
rear units in succession come up in inverse 
order to the right of the front units. 

LINE TO COLUMN. 

Right front into column. The rear units 
come up on the right of the front unit. 
Right front form column. The right unit 
41 



TEANSPOSING. 

goes to the front ; the others go to the right 
and come up behind it. 

On eight centre, etc. unit, right front 
and left rear into column. The units to 
the left of that designated go to the right 
and front ; those to the right go to the left 
and rear into column. 

COLUMN TO LINE. 

Eight front into line. Eight front form 

LINE ; ON FRONT CENTRE, etc., UNIT RIGHT FRONT 

and left rear lnto llne, are made in pre- 
cisely similar manner. 

LINE TO ECHELON. 
ON LEFT UNIT FRONT LNTO ECHELON. The 

left unit stands fast ; the next advances a 
specified distance to the front, the next 
twice that distance, etc. 

Front lnto Line. The front unit stands 
fast, the others come up on line with it. 

In all the changes from line, column, and 
square, it is sometimes indicated that certain 
units are to go to the right, left, front, or 
rear. 

Halves. 

The movements of the Halves and by the 
Halves are made in similar manner. 
42 






OPENING AND CLOSING. 

The simple expansion and contraction is 
made by changing the distance between the 
units or Halves without changing their rel- 
ative positions. 

The simple opening and closing is made 
by moving the units at angles of 90°, or of 
45° and its multiples. 

In opening or closing it is assumed that 
no unit moves to the rear unless it is so 
specified, but that in square and column 
the several units move to the front, and in 
square and line equally to the right and left. 
The opening or closing may, however, take 
place in any direction, if so specified. 

If an oblique march is combined with one 
at right angles or parallel to the front, the 
oblique is made first in closing and last in 
opening. 

When the square, etc., is opened or closed 
on a certain unit, etc., that unit, etc., stands 
43 



OPENING AND CLOSING. 

fast, and the others take their positions 
upon it as a basis. 

If all the units, etc., move, the new dis- 
tances are taken from that marker of the 
front unit in square, and of the centre unit 
in line or the front centre unit in column, 
which is nearest the side of direction. 

The lines of which a square is composed 
ma} r be opened or closed by changing the 
distance between the columns. 

The lines and columns of a square, or the 
Halves or alternate units, or any designated 
units, etc., may be opened, closed, or moved 
in any direction independently, conforming 
as nearly as practicable to the principles 
above indicated. Thus the checkered order 
and others are formed. 

COMBAT. 

To open a regiment for combat, the front 
battalions advance the proper distance and 
open square to double distance, and then 
the companies and sections do the same, 
successively. 

To open front for combat only those com- 
panies, sections, and fours that are sent to 
44 



OPENING AND CLOSING. 

the front open out, the others remaining at 
full distance. Either the front or rear or any 
designated units of a square, line, or column 
may be sent to the front by similar means. 
The several units are brought into line, 
opened, closed, etc., on the same principles 
as from full distance. 



45 



1 

« m 



— 



□ □ 






RIGHT AND LEFT SECTIONS FRONT. 
TREBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE. 



REAR SECTIONS CENTRE. 
FORM LINE. 



p ■ 


\ V 1 
\ *.\ 

□ C 

4 2 

D 



C7 / 



DOUBLE DISTANCE FORWARD OPEN LINE. 



COMBINED MANCETJVKES. 

Opening, etc., in Transposing. 

A change of disposition may be combined 
with an expansion or a contraction. Thus 
a battalion in line at full distance may be 
formed into column at double distance or 
into square in close order, etc. 

To Transpose, etc., by Turning. 

In all transpositions at a halt the units 
may move directly to their new positions by 
turning instead of by an oblique or a com- 
bined march. 

On the march, those units that are to gain 
ground to the right or left do so by making 
a turn of a third of a right angle, or 30°. 
When the lateral distances have been gained, 
the units that have been moving directly to 
the front mark time until the new disposi- 
tion is completed. If the units that are to 
turn have to fall back, they mark time, or 
halt long enough to come into position 
47 



4-321 



(" 


.-4 


4 x / / / 


( 

1 


-El 


ft/ 


i .- 

V 


-JU 


H 


1 ID 


FACED TO REAR RIGHT INTO LINE. 


2 




- 


c 

3 

c 

4 
ON RIQH" 


r INTO LINE 


<N \/ 

\X R- F. 




FACED TO RR. L. / 


_ 

\ 




A 


^ 


4-U 




\ 
-i \ 


r 


n, 


INTO LINE. 
FACING IN ANY DIRECTION. 


t 


• 



□ fl 



ON RIGHT INTO LINE. 

r r rJH J3-HLB 



_ j _j _j 

eI hi eJ e 



LEFT FORM COLUMN ON RIGHT. 



COMBINED MANCEUVBES. 

without change of gait, whenever this is 
possible. 

The same principles are observed in open- 
ing and closing, and their combinations. 

All these movements are distinguished 
from those made by obliquing, etc., by sub- 
stituting the word forward for front. 

To Transpose and Change Direction. 

When a transposition, opening, etc., is com- 
bined with change of direction of the whole 
body, the units turn instead of obliquing, 
etc. 

In changing from one formation into an- 
other, the new line is formed on the direct- 
ing guide of the unit that forms the bas: •. 
and the several directions are called, To the 
right, half right, front, half left, on the left, 
left half rear, faced to rear, right half rear, 
etc., or left one third, fourth, etc., rear, or 
5°, 10°, etc., or so many yards, the latter 
indicating the number of yards that the 
guide on the flank opposite to the change 
has to advance in order to mark the new 
line. 

49 



COMBINED MANOEUVRES. 

To the right, etc., differs from on the 
right, etc., in this, that in the latter the order 
of the units is reversed, so that in forming 
into line from column the front unit turns 
in place or moves an indicated distance, and 
the others come into line on this unit as a 
basis. In coming into column from line, on 
the right, the units pass the right unit, form- 
ing a column left in front, with its rear estab- 
lished on the new position of the right unit. 

The new positions are otherwise distin- 
guished as eight or left, according to the 
direction which the units take to reach it — 
that is, according as the new position is right 
or left of the old. 

Thus a column may be changed into line 
as follows : Right, half left right, on the 

LEFT, HALF REAR LEFT, FACED TO REAR LEFT, 
RIGHT HALF REAR LEFT, TO THE RIGHT AND HALF 

right, the successive fronts making angles 
of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 
315° with the original front of the column, 
and the left of the line in each case resting 
on the original position of the front unit. 

A column may also be brought into line by 
50 



COMBINED MANOEUVRES. 

first advancing the unit that forms the basis 
to a new position, etc. 

A line, etc., may be formed on any unit 
as a basis. 

A column of which some of the units have 
changed direction may be brought into line 
by specifying the direction with reference 
to the front of the front unit. For exam- 
ple, part of a column has turned to the right, 
it may change to the left into line ; or to the 
right, right and left into line. In the first 
case the rear units move left front into line, 
and in the second face to rear left into line. 

In all cases the directing guide of each 
unit is the one who will be nearest the basis 
of the formation after the movement is com- 
pleted. 

Such a change might also be effected by 
bringing the rear units into position and 
changing front on the centre of each. 



51 



3 ©J 2 



3/ ■ / 



/ 



&/ 



4- RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE. 

O MARCH. 



right form column, 
march: 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

Fixing New Positions, 
transposing first drill. 

To fix the new line with the utmost ac- 
curacy, the guides pace off the distances by 
running, and the directors fix the new line 
of the guides. 

If any units are on the new line, it is 
established upon them by the directors, 
who place themselves at its extremities. 
The guides then establish the markers of 
the units on this new line, under super- 
vision of the directors, pacing off the dis- 
tances from the marker already on the 
line. 

If no units are on the new line, the guides 
pace off the proper distance from the near- 
est point of the old position to their own 
places on the new line. 

Aided by these measurements, the direc- 
tors establish the new line and place theni- 
53 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

selves at its extremities. The directing 
guide estimates the proper position of the 
directing marker of the directing unit ; the 
others are established upon the line by 
pacing the distances from this point. 

Each guide establishes the markers of his 
own half of the unit — that is, of those frac- 
tions that will be next to him. 

The guide, after pacing off the distances 
on the new line, faces to the side of direc- 
tion and steps back far enough to enable 
the markers of the units to come into his 
position. This marker faces to the new 
front and touches gently with his elbow the 
breast of the guide. 

In company movements, where the chief 
of section takes the place of a marker, the 
company guide fixes the position of the 
guide of the section upon whom the latter 
is to be aligned. The chief of section so 
places himself as to face to the front in the 
new position of his section, and so that the 
elbow of the section guide will lightly touch 
his own. When it is impossible for the 
guide to place more than one of the chiefs 
54 






, , *j «| c- 1 



1 3 



MARCH. 



• < • ® Q 



4 2 

D 



1 3 



FORM SQUARE. 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

of section, the other paces off or estimates 
the distance himself. 

The rear markers of the units take their 
places with reference to the front markers, 
under supervision of the guides and directors. 

The directors and guides go to their new 
places. 

In square the markers of the rear units 
then take their places under supervision of 
the directors, being guided by the positions 
of the units already on the ground, if there 
are any there, otherwise by estimating their 
places with reference to the front markers 
already established. 

TRANSPOSING ADVANCED DRILLS. 

After the guides are well instructed in 
their duties, or when great accuracy is not 
required, the guides place the markers of 
the units without aid from the directors, 
who confine themselves to correcting mis- 
takes and establishing the markers of the 
rear units. 

TRANSPOSING COMMON METHOD. 

When the markers of the units are well 
drilled they take their places without the 
56 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

aid of the guides or directors, who merely 
correct their errors. On the maech this is 
the only method. 

OPENING AND CLOSING. 

In opening and closing, new positions are 
defined upon the same principles as in the 
transpositions. If the distances are great, 
directors do not go to the new line unless 
to correct the errors made by the guides. 

TURNING AT A HALT. 

The director of the pivot flank places 
himself accurately on the prolongation of 
the new line, the other director on the op- 
posite flank of the line so established. The 
markers of the units are fixed upon this line 
as in the transpositions. 

TURNING, ON THE MARCH. 

In turning on the march, the directing 
guide marks time until the guide of the 
nearest unit comes up abreast of him, and 
then advances in the new direction at half 
step until the completion of the turn. The 
other guide hastens to the new front. The 
markers of the units hasten to their new 
57 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

places on the line of the guides. The di- 
rectors march on the flanks of the line of 
the guides until the front units are dressed 
upon it, and then go to their proper places. 

RULES FOR MARKERS. 

The markers of the main body of troops 
which is changing its disposition take their 
new places with reference to the new places 
of the units, each marker keeping near the 
corresponding unit, etc. The markers of 
the units, etc., step aside whenever it be- 
comes necessary, so as not to interfere with 
the passage of the units, etc., counting their 
paces and keeping on a well-defined course. 
They return to their positions after the 
units have passed. In line the guides of 
the sections not on the side of direction 
step aside whenever it is necessary to ad- 
mit the passage of the chiefs, directors, etc. 

Dressing. 

In dressing to the right, or marching with 
the guide to the right, the right front unit 
guide, marker, etc., is the directing unit, 
guide, etc. 

58 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

In dressing to the left it is the left front 
unit guide, etc. 

In dressing and marching the position of 
the directing marker is fixed by the chief. 
Another marker is placed on the line of the 
front in square or line, and of the directing 
flank in column. The other markers take 
their places from them. 

The directing guide takes his proper 
place with respect to the directing marker 
and the established line. The other guide 
takes the proper distance from the estab- 
lished line, and from the nearest unit. 

The markers of the units are kept on the 
line of the guides of the larger Unit, and 
take their distances from the directing 
guide. The sub-units are established by the 
guides of the units in the same manner, etc. 

The front units, etc., are established on 
the directing unit, etc., and the rear units 
upon the front units. 

Where the large and small units are in 
line, the guides of the latter, etc., judge of 
their proper distance from the neighboring 
guides, independently of the markers. 
59 



ALIGNING, ETC. 

In dressing by command the directors and 
those of the units and sub-units come out 
on the flanks of the line to superintend the 
alignment, and return to their places after 
its completion. 

After the transformations the units are 
dressed toward the basis ; i.e., toward the 
units that stand still, or to the side of the 
directing guide in case a new line is estab- 
lished. All the units that are not required 
to move are dressed to the side of direc- 
tion. 



60 



COMMANDS. 
In General. 
Object. 
A definite command is assigned to each 
movement in order that the purpose of the 
commander may be clearly expressed, and 
it is by no means to be inferred that other 
commands may not be employed when de- 
sirable. Officers and men are always re- 
quired to obey the commands of their 
superior whenever their meaning can be 
comprehended. 

Classes. 
Commands are given for caution, prepa- 
ration and execution. 

The command of caution attracts atten- 
tion to the preparatory command or fixes 
some condition. 

If a preparatory command indicates a 
movement that is to be executed by all the 
units together, it is not repeated by the 
chiefs of the units; but if the units have 
separate movements to make, each gives the 
61 



COMMANDS. 

proper preparatory command to his unit, 
causing it to face in the proper direction 
and to be ready to proceed at the command 
of execution, which in this case must be re- 
peated at the proper time by the chiefs of 
the units. The chiefs of fmirs do not give 
formal commands, but in open order they 
are responsible for the proper execution of 
the commands of their superiors. 

Special. 

The command for alignment is only re- 
quired for instruction. Well-drilled troops 
are expected to preserve a proper align- 
ment when necessary, whether on the march 
or at a halt. 

After the alignment by command, if the 
chief is on the directing flank, he gives the 
command front when the alignment is com- 
pleted, otherwise the director indicates the 
completion by returning to his place. If 
the chief does not wish the director to place 
himself upon the line, he directs the guide 
to correct the alignment, and the latter faces 
to the front when the alignment is cor- 
rected. 



COMMANDS. 

Movements may be executed from a halt 
in the same way as on the march, by follow- 
ing the preparatory command by the word 
forward. The march is continued after the 
change is completed. 

All movements may be executed at double 
time by so specifying in the command. 

The units that take half step when the 
others are at full step take quick time when 
the others are at double time. 

Abbreviations. 

Commands are abbreviated as much as 
possible without causing ambiguity. When 
several movements are to be combined, or 
executed successively, it is generally suf- 
ficient that the command should indicate the 
final formation that is required. 

For example, a regiment is in column of 
section squares at full distance. At the com- 
mand, Eight Into Two Ranks, the regiment, 
battalion, and companies come right into 
line, and the sections come into rank, etc. 

In abbreviating the aim should be to 
make the phraseology conform as nearly as 
possible with the existing usage. 
63 



COMMON MANCEUVKES. 

A large body of troops is habitually 
massed in square or in a line of squares, 
wholly or mostly in close order, according 
to the available ground, and with the units 
disposed in the normal order, viz., with the 
first and second in front and the third and 
fourth in the rear. 

In marches along a road from one place of 
assembly to another, in column of section 
squares in the normal order, that is, with 
the first platoon, subdivision, wing, etc., in 
front. In forming column for the march, 
the sections are in close order, the compa- 
nies, battalions, etc., at full distance. On 
taking the route step, the sections open out 
so as to leave 46 inches between the ranks, 
and if there is sufficient room they open 
out somewhat to the right and left. To re- 
assemble, they are brought into square by 
platoons, subdivisions, etc. 

To deploy the mass, the regiments, bat- 
64 



COMMON MANOEUVRES. 

talions, etc., successively come into line to 
the front at the requisite distance. To re- 
assemble, the companies, battalions, etc., 
successively form square. 

On approaching the enemy, the battalions, 
etc., open square, and the lines take their 
proper distances for combat. 

A very few of the simplest manoeuvres are 
therefore quite sufficient to form troops for 
a fight, but to enable them to fight to ad- 
vantage the most careful instruction and 
diligent practice in applied tactics are req- 
uisite. This should, if possible, be con- 
ducted on varied ground. The more com- 
plicated movements have the advantage of 
saving time and distance. The practice of 
these movements in the School of the Com- 
pany and Battalion will serve as instruction 
for their use by the higher units. 



65 



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67 



V. (pp. 37-43). 





Square. 

Line. 

Column. 


R. F. 
R. 
F. 


L. F. 
R. C. 
F. C t 


R. Rr. 
L. C. 
Rr. C. 


L.Rr. 
L. 
Rt. 


Square 
to 

Line. 


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Right Form. 
Into. 


H. 
R. 
H. 


H. 
R. 
H. 


R. F. 

R. 
R. F. 


R. 

F. 

L. F. 


Line 

to 

Square. 


Right Into. 
Right Form. 
Form. 


R. F. 
H. 
L. 


R, F. 

R. F. 

F. 


H. 

R. F. 

F. 


H. 
R. 
R. 


Sq. to 
Column. 


Right Into. 
Right Form. 


H. 
F. 


R. F. 
R. F. 


H. 
H. 


F. 
R. F. 


Col. to 
Square. 


Right Into. 
Right Form. 


H. 
H. 


H. 
R. F. 


R. F. 

R. F. 


R. F. 
F. 


Line 

to 

Column. 


Right Into. 
Right Form. 
OnR. C. R. Into. 


H. 

F. 

R. F. 


R. F. 
R. 
H. 


R. F. 

R. 
R. F. 


R. F. 
R. 

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Column 

to 

Line. 


Right Into. 
Right Form. 
On F. C. R. Into. 


H. 

R. 
L. Rr. 


R. F. 
F. 
H. 


R. F. 

F. 
R. F. 


R. F. 

F. 
R. F. 



IV. (pp. 29-33). 



Right Turn— Halt 

About Face Left Turn . . . 

Right Turn— March 

Change Front to Right . . . 



R. F. 


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L. F. 


L. F. 


L. F. 


L. 


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33 



PART II. FORMS. 

SCHOOL OF THE SECTION. 

ORGANIZATION, ETC. 

A Section consists of one sergeant, two 
corporals, and from 10 to 24 privates. 

It is divided into two squads commanded 
by the corporals, who are also the guides of 
the section. 

The private highest in rank in each set 
of four is the chief of the set of four. 

In Squake the first squad is on the right, 
etc.; the first four is right and front, the 
second four left and front, etc.; number one 
of each set of fours is right and front, three 
right and rear, etc. 

75 



C. 4 3 

8 7 


2 1 C. 
6 5 


2 1 
6 5 


9 
4 3 


9 


8 7 


3 


2 1 


FALL IN. 


S. 


C. 8, 2, 
20,14 


7, 1, C. 
19,13 


10,4 
22,16 


9,3 
21,15 


12,6 
18 


11,5 
23,17 



II Squad. 


I 'Squad. 


II 2I 
•43 


21 I 

43 L 


*\l 


21 III 
4 3 11J 


™*l 


2i v 

4 3 V 


NOS. OF SQUADS &C 


C.3 2 

4 


3 1 C. 


2 1 
4 


3 2 
4 


4 2 


2 1 
4 3 


RALLY BY SECTION. 



S. RALLY 'IN SQUARE. 



C.12,6 10,4 8,2 7,1 9,3 J1.5C. 
18, .22,16 20,14 19,13 21,15 23,17 

S. ASSEMBLE IN LINE. 
S. 

C. 4, 2 2, 1 3, 2 3, 1 3, .2 2, 1 C 

4. i 4 4,3 

5. RALLY" IN LTNE. 



EERATA. 
Plate, Page 76. 

For S. RALLY IN SQUARE read S. ASSEMBLE IN SQUARE. 
For RALLY BY SECTION read S. RALLY IN SQUARE. 



SECTION. 

THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 

The section is assembled for roll call as 
follows : The sergeant goes to a point 46 
inches in front of that where he wishes the 
centre of the front rank to rest, and com- 
mands : 

S. Fall In. 

The senior corporal takes his place where 
the right of the section is to rest, and faces 
to the front. The junior corporal on the 
prolongation of the front of the section, a 
little beyond the left flank. The men take 
their places in succession on this line, form- 
ing on the left of the senior corporal, the 
first two lightly touching elbows, the third 
46 inches from the second, the fourth touch- 
ing the elbow of the third. The junior cor- 
poral now takes his place on the left of the 
rank so formed, and then a second rank of 
four privates falls in behind the first at a 
distance of 23 inches from it, a third rank 
46 inches behind the second, a fourth 23 
inches behind the third, and a fifth 46 inches 
behind the fourth, etc. 
77 



SECTION ASSEMBLED. 



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RIGJHTDRESS. 



SECTION. 
THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 

For parade the men may be disposed with 
regard to their height. 

The chief of section then calls the roll, the 
chiefs of squad face toward their squads, 
and observe the disposition of the men 
as they answer to their names. After call- 
ing the roll, the chief of section inspects 
the section, and makes such changes in the 
disposition as may be required. If the men 
are recruits, the chiefs of the squads point 
out the first four, second four, etc., and see 
that the men understand where they belong. 
The designations of the fours are retained 
until another assembly or rally. 

The section haying assembled, either for 
roll-call or combat, the sergeant commands : 

Close Up. 

The first set of four takes a short side step 
to the left, and the others close upon them 
so as to leave a distance of 23 inches be- 
tween the ranks and files. 



79 



SECTION. 
THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 

To Assemble for Action, the sergeant 
cautions the men to fall in according to 
their rank. 

The section is assembled in the forma- 
tion above described, but the privates fall 
in as follows : The highest in rank take 
their places as the right front men in the 
first, second, etc., sets of four ; the next, 
as left front men, etc. 

After the men have thus been assigned to 
places in the section, to reassemble in the 
same order the sergeant places the corporals 
to fix the front of the section, and com- 
mands : 

S. Assemble in Square, March. 

The men take their places as above ex- 
plained. If a private is absent his place is 
taken by the next in rank in his set of four. 

S. Assemble in Line, March. 

The section is assembled in the same 
manner, excepting that the third and fifth 
fours are assembled on the right of the first 
and the fourth and sixth on the left. 
80 



SECTION. 

THE RALLY. 

S. Rally by Squad. 

The men all run to the corporal. The first 
who arrives takes his place in front of the 
corporal 46 inches from him, and facing 
him ; the next on the left of the first, the 
next behind the first, etc., forming two files 
as in falling in for roll call, and without 
regard to rank or previous position in the 
section. Each man, however, carefully ob- 
serves his place in the squad which deter- 
mines the four to which he is to belong. 

S. Rally by Section. 

If the squads are rallied each corporal 
runs with his squad to the sergeant, and the 
section is formed in square facing him. 
The corporals take their places as guides. 
If the squads are not rallied the men run 
directly to the sergeant and form as for roll 
call. 



81 



SECTION. 

THE RALLY. 

* S. Rally in Square. 

The men in each four form on the chief 
of fours, who runs to the sergeant. The 
first four that arrives takes its place in front 
of the sergeant to form the right of the sec- 
tion. The next four forms on the left of 
the first, the next behind the first, etc. 

* S. Rally in Line. 

The fours are conducted to the sergeant 
as above. The first that arrives forms in 
front of the sergeant, and each of the others 
on the nearest flank. 

The section may also be rallied on any 
designated four or squad, or on a guide who 
may be sent forward to select a new posi- 
tion. 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 
S. Right Dress. 

The sergeant goes to the right of the front 
rank, and corrects the positions of the guides 
if necessary. 

The front rank men of the front fours, 
and the left front men of the rear fours, turn 
their heads and eyes to the right. The right 
guide cautions the front men of the right front 
four to move up or back till they are on a line 
with himself and the left guide. The other 
men in the front rank place themselves on 
this line, and each touches gently the elbow 
of the man on his right. Each rear rank 
man places himself 23 inches behind the 
front rank man, and in each set of fours the 
left front man places himself abreast of the 
right front man, gently touching his elbow. 
The right front man of the right rear four 
places himself 23 inches behind the right 
rear man of the four in front of him. The 
right front man of the left rear four places 
himself behind the right rear man in front 
and abreast of the front rank of the right 



SECTION. 

rear four. When the chief of section sees 
that his section is aligned, he commands : 

Front. 

The men turn their heads and eyes to the 
front. The section is now in squake in 
close order, Whether on the march or 
at halt the men are responsible for their 
alignment, but do not turn their heads with- 
out command, excepting as indicated here- 
after. 



84 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 

S. Right Face. 

S. About Face. 

S. Right Half Face. 

Each man turns on his own ground in 
the direction indicated. 

Forward, March. — Or, Quick Time, March. 

The step is 30 inches. The rate is 120 to 
a minute. 

Forward, Double Time, March. 

The step is 36 inches. The rate is 180 to 
a minute. 

Forward, Half Step, March. 
Backward, March. 

The step is 15 inches. The rate is 120 
to a minute. 

Route Step, March. 

The step is from 28 to 30 inches. There 
is no regular cadence, and the rate depends 
upon the nature of the ground, the condi- 
tion of the men, etc. 

85 



I I I I I I I I I I 
MARCH. 

FOURS LEFT.. 



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FOURS RIGHT. 



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ROUTE STEP. 



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BY RIGHT FLANK. 



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BY RIGHT FLANK, 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 

S. Forward, Guide Right. 
The right guide faces square to the front 
and takes a point of direction as indicated 
to him by the chief of section. 

March. 

All step out. The left guide keeps abreast 
of the right guide. The guides keep the 
front rank on the line. The men in ranks 
keep their eyes to the front and preserve 
their relative positions on the same prin- 
ciple as when at a halt, excepting that the 
right front man of each of the rear fours 
takes a distance of 46 inches from the rear 
rank of the four in front as in the assembly. 

S. Halt. 
All halt. The men dress to the right, and 
then turn their eyes to the front without 
command. The rear fours close up to 
23 inches in dressing. 

Route Step, March. 
Double Time, March. 
A distance of 46 inches is left between the 
ranks. 

87 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 
S. Right Face, Forward. 

Each guide goes to the left of the new front 
rank of his squad. The guide is left, and 
each man conforms to what was required 
of the man in a corresponding position in 
marching to the front. 

Whenever the section marches by the 
flank the rear squad falls back to 46 inches 
and when the section halts it closes up. 

If the command is, 

Forward, Guide Left, or Right, f 

the guides shift to the right and left of the 
new front rank. 

* If the section is faced again to the right, 
the guides go to the rear rank of their own 
squads. 

*If a section faced to the rear is again 
faced to the right, left, or front, the guides 
return to their places in the front rank un- 
less the guide is named, in which case the 
guides go to the new front. 

f In obliquing it is not necessary to indicate the 
guide, nor after facing half right or left, nor in 
turning nor changing direction. 
88 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 

S. About Face, or R. or L. Rear Face. 
Forward, cr Guide Left, or Right. 

The guides go to the rear, and the right 
guide becomes the left. All dress upon 
the rear rank, now become the front rank. 

If the rear rank is not complete, the va- 
cant places are filled from the next rank. 

S. Right Half Face, Forward March. 

The right guide marches in the new di- 
rection, each front rank man keeps to the 
left and rear of the man originally on his 
right, and each rear rank man keeps to the 
right and rear of the man originally in his 
front. All regulate their positions as in 
marching to the front. 



J D 



On the ^Iarch. 

To the Rear, March. 

By the Right Flank, March. 

Right Oblique, March. 

Correspond to About Face, etc. Right 
Face, etc., and Bight Half Face, etc. 
89 



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RIGHT TURN ('AT A HALT) 



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R I G HTT TU.R N ( MARCH IN G j 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Order. 
At a Halt. 
S. Right Turn. 
The right guide faces right. 

March. 

The right man of the right four takes a 
short step forward, turns to the right and 
places himself on the left of the corporal, 
and the others of his four form upon him. 

The left four advances 69 inches, when the 
right man turns to the right and takes a 
half-step until the others come up, and then 
retakes the full step and forms on the left 
of the right four. 

The left rear fours advance and turn in 
the same manner. 

Each right rear four obliques and advances 
until the right man is in his place, and then 
turns into its new position. 

On the March 

The section turns in precisely the same 
manner, excepting that no movement is made 
91 



SECTION. 

until the command of execution, when the 
right guide turns to the right, marks time, 
and as soon as the right man has come up on 
his left he marches at half-step in the new 
direction. 

The rear fours follow their front fours 
as closely as possible and turn on the same 
ground, the right man taking half-step un- 
til his four has turned. 

When the movement is completed, the 
chief of section commands : 

Forward, March. 

All take a full step. 

At a Halt. 
S. Right Turn, Forward. 

Same as on the march. 

For a change of direction greater or less 
than a right angle, the command would be, 
Right half tukn, Eight about turn, etc. 



92 



SECTION. 

Two Ranks and Single Rank, 
Two Files and Single File in Close Order. 

S. Right Dress. 

The alignment is conducted on the same 
principle as for the front fours or flank fours 
of the square. 

S. Right Face, etc. 

All face to the right, etc. 

S. Forward, March, etc. 

All the facings and marches are conducted 
on the same principles as in square. 

When a section in line marches by the 
flank, the guides do not change unless the 
guide is named ; in this case they go to the 
directing flank of the new front rank of 
their respective squads. 

When a section in column marches by 
the flank, the guides go to their places in 
line on the flanks of the new front rank of 
their respective squads. 



93 



SECTION. 

Two Banks and Single Kane, Two Files 
and Single File, in Close Okdek. 

A section in column of two files or single 
file marches to the front by the same prin- 
ciples as if in square. The column is open- 
ed out without special command, so as to 
leave marching distance between the forms. 
A section in column in close order may 
march a few steps at a time, without doub- 
ling the files or opening out on being cau- 
tioned not to open. 

S. Right Turn March. 

A section in line turns like the front fours 
of a square, in column like the flank fours. 



94 



SECTION. 

Squaee in Close Order. 
S. Into Ranks. 

The guides take their new places on the 
prolongation of the front rank, alio wing- 
space for the rear fours to come up on the 
flanks. 

Tlie front fours face to the front. 

The right rear four faces right. 

The left rear four faces left. 

March. 

The rear fours march by the flank and then 
to the front and take their new places be- 
tween the corporals and the front fours, each 
four immediately outside that which was in 
front of it in square. As soon as they arrive 
on the line all turn their heads and eyes to 
the right, and dress to the right. The chief 
of section commands : 

Front, 

when his section is satisfactorily aligned. 

If there are two men in a set of fours, 
the left man goes to the rear rank ; if there 
are three men, the rear man covers the man 
nearest the centre of the section. 
95 



SECTION. 

Line of Fours in Close Order. 
S. Form Square. 

The guides mark the flank of the new- 
front at quarter section distance in front of 
the present one. 

The front fours face to the front. 

The others face inward, 

March. 

The fours all step out and take their posi- 
tions in square, the front four forming on 
the guides. 

All dress to the right. 

The chief of section commands, Front. 



96 



SECTION. 

Square in Close Ordee. 
Right, by Squads. 

The chief of the right squad cautions it to 
move forward. 

The chief of the left squad cautions it to 
follow the first squad. 

March. 

The left squad marks time until the right 
has passed and then follows it. 

The corporals conduct their squads, 
going to the front or directing flank, accord- 
ing to the width of the road or defile. 

If the Section is marching by the Flank, 
it diminishes front by the same command, 
and the men are disposed in precisely the 
same order as explained above. 

To diminish the front still more, the 
chief of section commands : 

Right, by Twos, March. 

The corporals take their places in front of 
the right file. In each four the left two fol- 
lows the right, and all close up to 23 
inches if practicable. 

97 



SECTION. 

Single File. 

Fours Left into Square, March. 

The front two mark time. 

The rear two come up on the left. 

The other fours close up to 46 inches, 
and then form square in the same manner. 

When the movement is completed the 
chief of section commands : 

Forward, March. 

To form the section left into square : 

Section Left into Square, March. 

The front squad marks time. 

The rear squad comes up on the left. 



98 



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FOURS AND SECTION 
INTO SQUARE. 



SECTION. 

Two Banks in Close Okder. 

* S. Fours Right. 

The corporals step out 46 inches in front 
of the right of their squads. 
The B. F. man faces to the right. 
The L. F. man faces half right. 
The B. Br. man faces to the right. 
The L. Br. faces right-rear. 

March. 

All step out. The two that have faced to 
the right march off in the new direction ; 
the others come up on the flanks. 

On the march no change is made until 
the command of execution is given. 

The files are now said to be doubled. 

A Column is also formed from line by fac- 
ing, and conversely, as explained above. 

Forward, March. 

A section in square marches by the flank only in 
the manoeuvres. On the march the section always 
turns. 



100 



SECTION. 

Marching by the Eight Flank with the Files 
Doubled. 

* S. Four Left (or Right). 

The corporals go to the front and rear of 
the left file. 

The outer files fall back 23 inches. 

March. 

All face to the left (or right) and march in 
the new direction. 

If the section has been faced about after 
doubling, the centre files fall back at the 
preparatory command, instead of the flank 
files. 

To undouble files in marching, 

* S. Fours form Square, March. 
To double files, 

* S. Fours into Rank, March. 

N. B. — If a section is in single rank, to 
march by the flank it forms double rank 
at full distance. If in double rank in close 
order, to march by the flank it doubles its 
files if it has only a short distance to move. 
Otherwise, it forms square and turns. 
101 



SECTION. 

At Full Distance. 

Performs all the movements of one in 
close order on precisely the same principles 
and by the same commands and means. 

Excepting that in dressing, those men who 
dress to the right extend the right arm and 
touch gently the shoulders of the men next 
them instead of touching their elbows. 

In marching, as the ranks are 46 inches 
apart, it is not necessary for the rear fours 
to fall back. 

In marching by the flank the guides re- 
tain their places, unless the guide is named 
in the command. 

In turning, the fours all make two half- 
turns instead of advancing to make a full 
turn behind their new positions. 

For a turn of less than a right angle, each 
four makes half the change of direction be- 
fore advancing. 

In forming into ranks the rear fours face 
half right and half left, to go to their new 
places. 



102 



SECTION. 

Line of Fouks at Double, etc., Distance. 
S. Into Rank. 

The rear-rank men in each four face half- 
right and left. 

March. 
The rear-rank men come up to the front, 
each dressing on the front rank of his own 
four. 

Single Rank at Full Distance. 
To form it into two ranks the chief com- 
mands : 

S. Fours Form Square. 
The centre men face to the front. 
The flank men face to the centre. 

March. 

The right front man steps 46 inches to 
the front ; the others form on him at full 
distance in their proper order. 

To form a line of fours, in open order, or 
to bring the section or squad front into line 
of fours, at any distance, the chief of section 
indicates to the chief of each of the rear fours 
that he is to come up on the right or left of 
such a four and at such a distance from it. 
103 



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SECTION. 

Square nr Close Order. 

S. Full Distance. 

Guides place themselves quarter section 
distance in front of their present positions 
and half section front apart, to mark the 
new front of the section. 

The men face toward their new positions 
as follows : Those of the right front four 
slightly to the right, those of the right rear 
four well to the right, etc. 

March. 

The men step out and take their new 
positions in the same order as before the 
movement with reference to each other and 
to the guide ; but at distances of 46 inches 
instead of 23. 



105 



SECTION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

S. Close Order. 

The square is formed on the present front 
rank ; each guide goes to a point 23 inches 
in front of his new position ; the men face 
inward each to his new position. 

March. 

All step out, take their new places, and 
face to the front, aligning themselves on the 
right guide as before. 

Line in Two Banks in Close Order. 

S. Full Distance. 

The same as in square, excepting that the 
guides are section distance, less 46 inches, 
apart, and 23 inches in front of the old line. 

March. 

The same as in square. 

S. Close Order March. 

The same as in square. 
106 



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MARCH. 



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MARCH. 



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FULL DISTANCE. 






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MARCH. 







FULL DISTANCE. 



SECTION. 

Line of Two Banks in Close Order. 

S. Rear Open Order. 

The guides face about, pace off 2J yards, 
and face to the front. 

March. 

The rear rank falls back, taking the back- 
ward step and guiding to the right in 
marching, and dresses on the new positions 
of the guides. The front rank also dresses 
to the right ; the chief of section dresses 
the front rank and the right guide the 
rear rank. 

S. Close Order. 

The guides return to their places, 

March. 

The rear rank closes up. 



108 



SECTION. 

Square at Full Distance. 
S. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 
The corporals step five yards to the front. 
The rear fours face right and left. 

March. 

The front four in each squad places itself 
2i yards behind the corporal, so that the 
right two will be directly behind him. The 
rear four places itself double distance be- 
hind the front four. 

* S. Front (or Rear) Fours Front, March. 

The designated fours open out to the 
front as indicated for the front fours in 
opening square. The other fours remain 
united. 

If the command is 200, etc., yards to the 
front, the fours open double distance and 
advance as far as specified. 

* S. By Squads (to double distance), Open Line. 

The corporals take their places 2£ yards 
in front of the front rank, and section dis- 
tance apart. 

The right squad faces right, the left squad 
left. 

109 



SECTION. 

March. 

All step out. Each squad halts when its 
right file is behind the corporal. The men 
face to the front, and dress to the right in 
each squad. 

The square may be opened to the eight 
by so indicating in the command. 

In opening out to any other than double 
distance, it is necessary to specify the dis- 
tance in the command. 

In Square at Double, etc., Distance. 
S. To Full Distance Close Square. 

The right front four faces left. 

The left front four faces right. 

The right rear fours face half left. 

The left rear fours face half right. 

The front fours close in to full distance. 
The rear fours march to the front until they 
come to their places. The corporals take 
their places in square. 

The square opened out by squad, or with 
the front or rear fours to the front, is closed 
by the same command and by similar means. 

The square may be closed to the left by 
so indicating in the command. 
110 





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MARCH. 



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BY SQUAD OPEN LINES.PRCvM SQUARE. 



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MARCH. 



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BY SQUAD OPEN LINE. 



SECTION. 

Two Banks at Full Distance. 

S. By Squads (to double, etc., distance) Open 

Line. 

March. 

The same as from square, except that 

the right front man of the centre four goes 

behind the corporal. 

If there are but two fours in the squad 
the right front men are at equal distance to 
the right and left of the corporal. 

S. (to double distance) Open Line. 
Same as above. 

March. 
The fours step out and take their new 
places, the right front man of the centre four 
2J yards behind the corporal, the chiefs of 
the fours at the indicated distance apart. 

Line of Squads at Double Distance. 
Squads (to double distance) Open Line. 

The fours of each squad separate as 
above. 

In exceptional cases the twos may be sep- 
arated by like means. 



112 



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SECTION. 

Line of Fours or Squads at Double etc. 

Distance. 

S. (to full distance) Close Line. 

The corporals close in, the men face in- 
ward. 

March. 

All take their places as before opening 
the line. The line may be opened or closed 
to the right, etc. 

Squads (to full distance) Close Line. 
Executed in like manner. 

Column of Fours at Full Distance. 
S. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 

The corporals on the flank of the front 
rank of their squads advance section and 
half section distance respectively. 

March. 

The front fours advance and dress on the 
corporals, the rear fours place themselves 
double distance behind the front fours, etc. 

The column is closed by inverse means. 

114 



SECTION. 

Two Ranks at Full Distance. 

To extend the line and gain ground to the 
front. The sergeant marches the section 
forward and then commands : 
S. By Squads (to double, etc., distance) open line. 

The corporals go 2£ yards in front of the 
centres of their squads and caution them to 
incline to the right and left respectively. 
March. 

The corporals make a third of a face out- 
ward, and, followed by their squads, open out 
to the proper distance and march to the front. 

When two fours are opened out in front 
the line is extended in the same manner. 

To separate the fours the sergeant com- 
mands : 

Section cr Squads (to double, etc., distance) open 
line. 

The section or squads may open line on 
the right or left squad or four, which marks 
time when the line is opened out long 
enough to enable the other squad or four 
to come up. 

The sections and squads are closed by in- 
verse means. 

115 



SECTION. 

Two Ranks at Full Distance. 

S. Single Rank. 

The guides close in 23 inches, if necessary. 
The right front man faces to the left, the 
left front man to the right, the right rear 
man half right, the left rear man half left. 

March. 

The front rank men close in, the rear 
rank men come up, each on the flanks. 

Single Rank. 

S. Double Rank. 

The guides go to the flanks of the new 
rank, which is 46 inches in front of the pres- 
ent rank. 

The front rank men face one third right 
and left. 

The rear rank men face left and right. 

March. 

The front rank men take a step and half 
to the front, opening out to 46 inches ; the 
rear rank men take their places behind 
them. 

116 



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SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. 

ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY. 

A company consists of one captain, one 
first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, six 
sergeants, eight corporals, and one hundred 
privates. 

A company is divided into four sections, 
which are made as nearly equal as possible. 
In the right companies of the battalion the 
tallest men may be placed in the right sec- 
tion, and in the left companies in the left 
sections. The right sections constitute the 
first platoon, the left the second platoon. 
They are commanded by the first and sec- 
ond lieutenants respectively. The first and 
second sergeants are the right and left 
guides of the company. The sections are 
numbered from right to left, as follows : 3d, 
1st, 2d, 4th. These numbers are not changed 
in the manoeuvres, unless the company is re- 
119 



COMPANY. 

organized, but each retains its original des- 
ignation. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 
sergeants command the 1st, 2d, 3rd and 
4th sections, respectively. For purposes of 
manoeuvres the sections are divided into two 
squads, of which the right is called the 1st, 
and the left the 2d squad. The squads 
retain their designations till the section is 
reorganized. 

The first, second, third, and fourth cor- 
porals of the company are assigned to com- 
mand of the first squads of the correspond- 
ing sections ; and the fifth, sixth, seventh, 
and eighth corporals to the second squads. 
The first and fifth corporals are also the 
right and left guides, respectively, of the 1st 
section, the second and sixth of the 2d sec- 
tion, etc. 



120 



COMPANY. 

POSTS OF OFFICERS, GUIDES, ETC., IN 
THE ORDER OF ASSEMBLY. 

The lieutenants 2 yards behind the cen- 
tres of the rear rank of their platoons. 

The chiefs of section 46 inches in front of 
the centres of their sections. The right guide 
three quarter section distance to the right of 
the centre of the front rank of the right sec- 
tion. The left guide in a corresponding 
position on the left of the company. 

Two (or four) privates from the company 
are detailed as company markers. In the 
assembly for roll-call the company markers 
fall in 46 inches behind the rear rank, the 
right markers behind the left guide of the 
right section ; the left markers behind the 
right guide of the left section. 

"When a company is alone, or when all the 
companies that are drawn up together exe- 
cute the same manoeuvre simultaneously, 
the markers conform to the movements of 
the company, or they may be used instead 
of the chiefs of section in denning new po- 
sitions. 



121 



COMPANY. 

THE ASSEMBLY. 

Unless specially instructed to the con-i 
trary, the company is assembled at roll-calls 
in line of section squares in close order, and 
at deploying intervals from each other. The 
company is therefore at full distance, but 
occupies only half a company front. "When 
the sections are deployed, the company 
forms a line in close order in two ranks. 

To assemble the company for roll-call, 
the first sergeant commands : 

Fall In. 

The left guide takes his place on the left of 
the right guide, who then goes with him to 
the point where the right of the first section 
square should rest, and faces to the left. 
The left guide then paces off section dis- 
tance, to mark the point where the right of 
the second section should rest. He faces 
about, and is established on the line by the 
right guide. The chiefs of the first and sec- 
ond sections march their sections by flank 
to the line. The chiefs of section hasten 
forward and place themselves next to the 
122 



COMPANY. 

guides, facing to the front of the company 
and each with his left elbow touching the 
breast or back of the guide. The guides 
then face outward, pace off half section and 
section distance respectively, and put them- 
selves on the prolongation of the line. The 
other sections are then established on the 
line in the same manner. The sections are 
dressed on the centre sections. The chiefs 
of section command front when the sections 
have dressed, and take their places in front 
of the centres of their sections. 

The first sergeant then steps to the front 
of the company and receives the reports 
from the chiefs of the sections, who then go 
to their places. 



123 



COMPANY. 

C. Assemble in Square. 

The captain places the right front marker 
in position, and establishes the left front 
marker on the line of the new front. The 
rear markers take their positions from 
them. 

The guides then pace half section dis- 
tance to the rear from the front markers. 

The lieutenants place themselves on this 
line of the guides. 

The right guide paces half section dis- 
tance along the line to fix the right of the 
right front section, and the left guide paces 
section distance from this point to fix the 
right of the left front section. 

The lieutenants go to the new places for 
the rear sections. 

The sections are assembled in square. 

March, 

Each section is conducted to its proper 
place by its chief, who precedes it in time 
to take his place where the right is to rest. 
He halts his section and dresses it to the 
right. 

All take their proper places in square. 
124 



COMPANY. 
C. Assemble in Line. March. 

The centre sections are first established 
in the same manner as the front sections of 
the square. 

The right guide fixes the position of the 
right section, and the left guide the right 
of the left section, under supervision of the 
lieutenants. All take their places in line. 
In action the positions are determined with- 
out pacing. 

C. Rally by Company. 

The captain, assisted by the guides, places 
a marker wherever he wishes the right of a 
section to form. Each man runs to the 
nearest marker and falls in as for roll-call. 
If more than three non-commissioned ofli- 
cers rally at the same marker, the highest 
sergeant and corporals in rank remain and 
the others seek other sections. The lieu- 
tenants, aided by the guides, superintend 
the formation and equalize the sections if 
necessary. The markers and guides go to 
their places. 



125 



COMPANY. 

* C. Rally in Line. 

The captain, assisted by the guides, places 
markers to indicate where the right of the 
sections is to rest. Each section is rallied 
by its sergeant, if not already so, who runs 
with it to the markers. The guides on their 
respective flanks indicate to the chiefs as 
they arrive where they are to establish their 
sections. The lieutenants superintend the 
formation. 

*C. Rally in Square. 

Same as above, excepting that the markers 
are established in square. 

A company may be rallied on any desig- 
nated section, or on a guide who may be 
sent forward to select a new position. 



126 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

The captain establishes the front mark- 
ers. 

C. Right Dress. 

The lieutenants go to the line of the 
guides, and if necessary correct their posi- 
tions. 

The guides of the front sections and the 
left guides of the rear sections turn their 
heads and eyes to the right. 

Each chief of section goes to the right 
flank of his section and faces to the right. 
The right guide cautions the chief of the 
right front section to move up or back until 
he is on a line with himself and the left 
guide. 

The left guide sees that the chief of the 
left front section is on the line. 

The chiefs of section take their proper 
distances from the right. 

When the lieutenants are satisfied with 
the alignment of the front sections, they 
correct the positions of the rear sections if 
necessary, and then go to their places. 
127 



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COMPANY IN SQUARE OF SECTION* 
SQUARES AT FULL DISTANCE. 



COMPANY TN SQUARE OF SECTION. 
SQUARES IN CLOSE ORD.ER. 



COMPANY. 

Each chief of section dresses his section 
as soon as the guide has corrected his posi- 
tion. When satisfied with the alignment of 
his section he goes to his proper place. 

The captains and lieutenants supervise 
the whole, and see that all the distances are 
properly taken. 

Front. 

All turn heads and eyes to the front and 
stand fast. 



129 



COMPANY. 

Squaee at Full Distance. 

Company Forward, Guide Right. 

The captain designates a point of direction 
for the right front marker and establishes 
the left marker on a line at right angles to 
the line of march. 

March. 

All step out. The left front marker keeps 
abreast of the right front marker. 

The right guide keeps on the track of the 
marker and at half-section distance from 
him. The left guide keeps half-section dis- 
tance behind the left marker and at half-sec- 
tion distance to the left of the left section. 

The right guide keeps the guides of the 
right front section on the line between him- 
self and the left guide. The left guide keeps 
those of the left front section on the same 
line. 

The lieutenants see that the right guides 
of the rear sections keep at the proper dis- 
tance and follow in the track of those of the 
front sections. 

130 






COMPANY. 

The captain and second lieutenant observe 
that the left company maeker keeps half-com- 
pany distance from the right marker, and 
the captain and lieutenants also see that the 
sergeants require each section guide to keep 
the proper distance from the right guide or 
from the section guide to his right. 



131 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

C. Right Face. 

The lieutenants and guides keep their 
places. 

Forward, March. 

All step out, and each man regulates his 
march upon the same man as if the column 
were marching by the former front with the 
guide to the right. 

If the captain commands, 

Guide Left; or Forward, Guide Left; or R. 
Turn j or Sections R. Turn, 

the guides shift to the new front and the 
lieutenants to the new flanks. If the com- 
pany is faced again to the right the lieuten- 
ants and guides go to their own platoons. 

If the sections are in close order, they ob- 
serve what has been explained in the School 
of the Section. 



132 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 
C. About Face. 
Each man faces about. 

Forward, Guide Right. 

The guides come up to the new front, and 
the left guide now becomes the right So 
after sections right rear turn. 

Square at Full Distance. 

O. Right Oblique. 

Each man regulates his march upon the 
same man as if marching to the front with 
the guide to the right. 

Square at Full Distance. 
* C. Sections Right Half Turn. 
Repeated by all the chiefs of section. 

March. 

After the turns are completed the right 
guide puts himself section distance from the 
left guide of the front section, and on a line 
133 



COMPANY. 

with him and the same guide of the left 
section. The left guide, half-section distance 
from the left guide of the left section, and 
on the same line. 

The right marker at half-section distance 
to right and front of the right guide. 

Square at Full Distance, Sections Turned 
Half Eight. 

* O. Forward, Guide Left. 

The right section guides come up on a line 
with the left guides and at half- section dis- 
tance from them. The company guides 
place themselves on the line of the front 
section guides. 

March. 

The guides of the front section follow left 
and rear of the front guide, and keep half- 
section distance from him and from each 
other ; the left guides of the rear sections 
keep at section distance to the right and 
rear of the corresponding guides of the front 
sections. 



134 










FORWARD GUIDE LEFT. 







SECTIONS RIGHT HALF TURN. 
MARCH. 



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RIGHT TURN. 
(MARCHING.) 



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RIGHT TURN* 

MAROH, 



COMPANY. 

Squaee at Full Distance (at a Halt). 

Company Right Turn. 

E. F. 1st S. Bight half turn, forward. 
L. F. 2d S. Bight half turn, forward. 
B. Er. 3d S. Left half face, forward. 
L. Er. 4&h S. Forward, guide right. 

The first lieutenant stands fast, the second 
lieutenant goes to a point a little beyond 
the left of the new line. The right guide 
paces off half-section distance on this line, 
to mark the position of the right front sec- 
tion guide ; here he meets the left guide, 
who places the left section in the same man- 
ner. The lieutenants establish the new 
positions of the rear sections. 

March. 

The fkont sections are marched to their 
new places. Each chief of section halts the 
section and commands : 

S. Bight Turn, March. 

When the turn is completed, the section is 

dressed to the right. The right rear section 

is obliqued to the left and then marched to 

137 



COMPANY. 

the front by its chief, who is established by 
the lieutenant on the spot where the right 
should rest. 

It is halted, turned, and dressed to the 
right. 

The left rear section is turned half right 
in time to come up at the proper distance 
from the left front section by its chief, who 
is established in position by the second 
lieutenant. It is then halted, turned half 
right, and dressed to the right. 

If the change of direction is less than a 
right angle, the front sections make half the 
change before advancing. 

Whenever the new position of a rear sec- 
tion lies on the side toward which the 
change of direction is made, the section 
makes a turn to its new position ; if on the 
opposite side, it obliques to its new position 
and then marches to the front or by the 
flank 



138 



COMPANY. 

Squaee at Full Distance (on the March). 

Company Right Turn. 

R. F. 1st S. Right half turn. 

L. F. 2d S. Right half turn. 

E. Er. 3d $. Forward, guide right, half step. 

L. Er. 4th S. Forward, guide right. 

March. 

The right guide faces right, marks time un- 
til the right front man comes abreast of him, 
and then takes a half step. The left guide 
hastens to his new position at half-company 
distance to the left of the right guide. 

The front sections, make a right half turn. 

The right front section, after making the 
half turn, advances at half step until it 
comes abreast of the company guide, it is 
then turned half right by its chief and 
dresses on the guide. The chief of the left 
front section commands : 

Forward, March, 

after the half turn is completed, and when 

the section arrives on the new line, it is 

turned again half right, again takes full 

139 



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CHANGE FRONT TO RIGHT. 
MARCH, 



COMPANY. 

step, and then half step when it arrives on 
the line of the guides. 

The rear sections turn on the same 
ground as the front sections, and then con- 
form to what is prescribed for these sec- 
tions. 

When the turn is completed the captain 
commands : 

C. Forward, March. 

For a turn of less than a right angle, the 
sections make half the turn before advanc- 
ing. 



141 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

* Company Change Front to Right. 
R F. 1st S. About face, for ward, guide right. 
L. F. 2d S. Bight face, forward, guide right 
R. Rr. 3d S. Left face, forward, guide right. 
L. Rr. 4:th S. Forward, guide right. 

The markers stand fast. 

The company guides go to the new posi- 
tions of the right guides of the front sections. 

The lieutenants go to the new positions 
of the rear sections. 

March. 

All the sections march half-section dis- 
tance and are then halted and turned to the 
right by their chiefs, faced in the new direc- 
tion, and dressed to the right and front. 

The markers shift to the right. 

Company Change Front to Rear. 

Same as above, except that the guides 

shift to the rear. 

March. 

After marching half-section distance all 
the sections turn to the right and march half- 
section distance to the new front. They 
are halted, turned, and faced as above. 
142 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Squaees at Full Distance. 
C. Right Dress. 
The line is established as in square. Each 
guide sees that the section guides on his 
half of the company are on the proper line. 
The company is dressed on the same prin- 
ciples as in square. 

Column of Section Squares, etc, at Full 

Distance. 

O. Right Dress. 

The captain establishes the right front 
company marker in his proper place, and 
puts the right rear marker on the proper 
line. 

The lieutenants go to the line of the 
guides. When the position of the right 
guide has been verified by the lieutenant, 
the former faces about. 

The right section guides face to the front. 
The left section guides to the right. 

The company is dressed on the same prin- 
ciples as in square. 

In dressing a column, if the sections are 
in two files in close order and the guides are 
on the right flanks of the squads, they place 
143 



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COMPANY. 

themselves behind the company guide in 

dressing to the right. 

If the sections are in rank, the company 

guides go quarter-section distance to the 

right to fix the line of the right section 

guides, and return to their places at the 

command 

Front. 

Line of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 
C. Forward, Guide Right, March. 

The captain indicates the points of direc- 
tion to the right marker and establishes 
the left marker at right angles to the new 
direction. 

The right guide keeps section distanco 
to the right of, and half-section distance 
behind, the right company marker. The 
left guide keeps half-section distance be- 
hind the line of company markers. The 
section guides and the left guide keep 
themselves at the proper distance from the 
guide on the right. The guides maintain 
the section guides on a line with themselves. 
The lieutenants habitually march behind 
the centres of their platoons. 
145 



COMPANY. 

Column of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 

C. Forward, Guide Right, March. 

The captain gives the front gode a point 
to march on. The right guide of the front 
section keeps the proper distance behind the 
front company guide. The other section 
guides follow. The section guides take care 
to keep on the line, and the rear company 
guide cautions the guides in front of him to 
incline to the right or left if necessary. 

"When a company is marching in column 
with the sections in rank and the guide is 
right, the right guide of the front section 
keeps half-section distance behind, and quar- 
ter-section distance to the right of, the front 
company guide. The right guides of the 
other sections follow at section distance 
apart 



14fi 



COMPANY. 

Line or Column at full Distance. 
The Sections in Line, Column, or Square. 

C. Right Face. 
The lieutenants and guides keep their 

places. 

Forward. March. 

All step out, and each man regulates his 
march on the same man as if marching by 
the former front with the guide to the 
right. 

If the sections are in close order, and the 
section guides step aside to the directing 
flank, in marching they regain their places 
with respect to the company guide. 

C. Right Face, Guide Right, or Forward, 
Guide Right, or Right Turn, or Sections 
Right Turn, etc. 

The guides of a column shift to the new 
directing flank if not already there. 

The guides of the sections shift at the 
same time if necessary. 

The oblique march, either by half face or 
by half turn of the sections, is executed in 
line and column on the same principles as 
from a square. 

147 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Squaees at Full Distance. 
C. Right Turn. 
Same as the front sections of a double 
column. 

Column of Section Squares at Full Distance* 
C. Right Turn. 
This is executed in a column of sections 
on the company guide, but the following 
may be executed by the sections succes- 
sively : 

O. Head of Column Right. 

The right company marker, to mark the 
pivot, is placed by the side of the right 
guide of the front section, and the chief of 
each section gives the preparatory com- 
mand in time to add March, as soon as 
his right guide comes up to this marker. 
The latter is replaced by the right rear 
marker as soon as he can come up. 

Line of Sections in Two Ranks at Full, Dis- 
tance. 

O. Right Face. Head of Column Right About, 
Forward, March. Halt, Left Face. 

By these movements and facings the 
company may be countermabched. 
148 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 
C. Into Line. 

R F. 1st S. Bight dress. 

L. F. 2d S. Bight dress. 

R Rr. M.S. Bight half face, forward. 

L. Rr. ±th S. Left half face, forward. 

The lieutenants place themselves on the 
line of the guides and a little more than 
section distance from them. 

The company guides stand fast until the 
chiefs of the rear sections come up ; then go 
to their places. 

March. 

The chiefs precede their sections on the 
line. 

The rear sections step out and are halted 
and dressed to the centre when they arrive 
on the line. 



149 



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MARCH. 



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MARCH. 






INTO LINE, 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Squares at Full Distance. 

C. Form Square. 

R Sd 8. Left face, forward. 

E. C. 1st S. Forward, guide right 

L. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 

L. Mh S. Bight face, forward. 

The guides run to the front, pace off sec- 
tion distance, and halt. 

The lieutenants place themselves on this 
line. 

The right guide then places himself on 
the new line directly in front of the right 
guide of the right centre section, to fix the 
new position of this guide. 

The left guide paces section distance from 
the right guide, to fix the point where the 
right guide of the left centre section should 

The lieutenants go to the new places for 
the rear sections. 

March. 

All the sections step out. 
The company markers take their new po- 
sitions. 

152 



COMPANY. 

The chiefs precede their sections to the 
new positions. 

The chief of each of the front sections 
halts his section when the guide arrives at 
his own place already established. 

The chief of each rear section takes his 
place on the old line near where the right 
guide of each of the centre sections stood. 
He halts his section and faces it to the front 
when his right guide conies to his new posi- 
tion. 



153 



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REAR INTO SQUARE. 



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RIGHT FORM LINE. 



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LEFT FORM SQUARE. 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

* C. Rear Form Line. 

The front sections go to the rear. 
The rear sections go to the flanks. 

* C. Right Form Line. 

The front sections go to the right. 
The left rear section goes to the front. 
The right rear section goes to the right 
and obliques to the front. 

* C. Right Rear Form Line. 

The front sections go to the right and 
rear. 

The right rear section goes to the right. 

* O. Right into Line. 

The right rear section goes to the right 
and front. 

The left rear section goes to the right and 
obliques to the front, coming up on the right 
of the right rear section. 



155 



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COMPANY. 

*Llne at Full Distance. 

The following are the reverse of the last 
three movements. 

C. Left Rear Form Square. 
O. Left Form Square. 
C. Left Rear into Square. 
The reverse of C. Into Line is, 
C. Rear into Square. 

All are executed in a similar manner. 
When the front of the new line is to the 
rear, it is established on the line of the 
lieutenants. When it is on the right, the 
new positions are established in succession 
by the right guide. When the front of 
the square is to the right, it is established 
upon the right guide of the right section. 



157 



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COMPANY. 

*Ltne at Full Distance. 

The following are the reverse of the last 
three movements. 

C. Left Rear Form Square. 
O. Left Form Square. 
C. Left Rear into Square. 
The reverse of C. Into Line is, 
C. Rear into Square. 

All are executed in a similar manner. 
When the front of the new line is to the 
rear, it is established on the line of the 
lieutenants. When it is on the right, the 
new positions are established in succession 
by the right guide. When the front of 
the square is to the right, it is established 
upon the right guide of the right section. 



157 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

Company Right, by Platoons. 

R 1st Platoon. Forward, guide left 
L. 2d Platoon. Right face, forward. 

The first lieutenant goes a little more than 
twice section distance in front of the left 
guide of the right section. 

The right company guide marks the new 
position of the left guide of the left rear 
section, in front of the original line at sec- 
tion distance from it. The left guide goes 
to the left of the right front section. 

March. 

The chief of the left rear section takes his 
place beside the front guide, who then paces 
off the distance for the right front section. 

The right platoon moves to the front. 
When it has marched half-section distance, 
the left platoon marches to its new position. 
It is then halted and dressed to the left. 



158 



COMPANY. 

Column of Section Squares at Full Distance; 

Company Left, Into Square. 

F. 1st Platoon. Left dress. 

Kr. 2d Platoon Left half face, forward. 

The first lieutenant places himself a little 
to the right of the right guide of the front 
section. The second lieutenant places him- 
self a little more than section distance to the 
left of the left guide of the front section. 

The left guide goes to the left guide 
of the front section, and establishes the 
right of the rear centre section on the new 
line and at half-section distance from this 
guide. 

The lieutenants then go to the rear sec- 
tions. 

March. 

The front platoon stands fast, the rear 
platoon obliques and then marches to the 
front, directing itself upon its guides. The 
platoon is halted and dressed as above. The 
company marejeks take their new places. 



159 



p 



4 

□ 






BY SECTIONS, BV SECTKDNS, 

RIGHT FORM COLUMN. RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 



flu 

1 

□ s 



tD 



2 1 

n~t3 



2 



□ 

3 

□ 

4 






ON/RONT SECTION, 

TO RIGHT 
FRONT INTO COLUMN. 



R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, 

TO FRONT RIGHT 

FORM COLUMN. 



F.C. AND RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
FORM SQUARE. 



m nf hj j±f 



ta 



DTTlTD 

4' 2 1 3 

ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
RIGHT INTO LINE. 



Ta 



F 



HDDD 

4 2 13 

ON LEFT SECTION', 

F.RQNT INTO ECHELON. 



COMPANY. 

* C. Right into Column. 

* C. Right Form Square. 

These are executed on similar principles. 

As the square is usually formed from 
column by platoons, it is not necessary so to 
specify. In exceptional cases, to form col- 
umn or come into column by sections, the 
command should be 

* C. Right by Sections, Form Column. 

The new positions are fixed as explained 
above. The left sections oblique to their 
new places as soon as the front section has 
advanced half section distance. 

* C. Right by Sections into Column. 

The right sections stand fast ; the left sec- 
tions are formed in front of them in inverse 
order. 

* C. Right by Sections, Form Square. 
* C. Right by Sections into Square 
are executed on similar principles. 



161 



3 _ .-© * 



3/ ■ 

y 



/ 



4- RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE. 

O MARCH. 




* D 2 



RlGHTFORM COLUMN. 
MARCH? 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Squares at Full Distance. 
C. Right Form Column. 

E. 3d. S. Forward, guide left. 

R C. 1st. S. Eight face, forward. 

L. C. 2d. S. Right face, forward. 

L. Uh. S. Right face, forward. 
March. 

All the sections step out and are marched 
by the flank as soon as they arrive where the 
right section stood. They are halted when 
near their new positions. 

The chiefs of section hasten to their new 
positions. The chief of the rear section of 
each platoon is established by the guide. 
The chief of the front section paces his dis- 
tance from the guide. The guides and 
chiefs of section are established on the line 
by the lieutenants. The chiefs halt their 
sections and dress them to the left. 
* C. Right Into Column. 

Same as above excepting that the right 
section stands fast and the others oblique to 
the right. The movement may be executed 
on any named unit, the sections in front of 
the unit going to the left and rear. 
163 



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4 



F. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 



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4 






mzn±ra 

4 2 13 

m 

R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
FORM COLUMN. 






txirEra 

4 2 13 



R. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 



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2 

t: 

4- 
ON F. C. TO FRONT, 
F. TO RIGHT. 
LEFT FORM LINE, 



R. C. AND L. C. TO FRONT. 
FORM COLUMN. 




ON RIGHT CENTER. 
LEFT INTO COLUMN 



COMPANY. 

Column of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 
C. Right into Line 

F. M S. Left dress. 

F. C. 1st S. Bight half face, forward. 

Rr. C. 2d S. Eight half face, forward. 

Rr. 4tth S. Bight half face, forward. 

The first lieutenant places himself a little 
to the left of the left guide of the front sec- 
tion ; the second lieutenant a little more 
than three times section distance to the 
right of the right guide of this section. 
He is established on the new front by the 
first lieutenant. 

The guides fix the positions of the sections. 
March. 

All step out. The chiefs precede their 
sections on the line, halt them, and dress 
them to the left. 

* C. Right Form Line, 
is the reverse of Left Form Column, and is 
executed on similar principles to the above. 

* A column may be formed in any order 
by indicating which sections go to the front, 
and a line by indicating which go to the right 
165 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Square at Full Distance. 

* C. on Left Section, Front Into Echelon. 

E. 3d S. Forward guide left. 
E. C. 1st S. Forward guide left. 
L. C. 2d S. Forward guide left. 
L. Uh S. Left dress. 

The left guide paces section distance to 
the front from the left guide of the left cen- 
tre section, and the right guide twice sec- 
tion distance from that of the right centre 
section to mark the new position. 

March. 

The centre sections are established in 
their new position and dressed to the left. 
The chief of the right section advances sec- 
tion distance, after passing the right centre 
section halts his section and dresses it to the 
left. 

* C. on Left Centre Section, Right Front into 
Echelon. 

Executed in the same manner, excepting 
that the left section goes to the rear. 

The company is brought into line as from 

166 



COMPANY. 

column. One of the flank sections of a line 
may be sent to the front, or the front sec- 
tion of a column may be sent to the right 
or left, and the others formed into line upon 
it in reversed order. 

* A column may be formed from line for- 
ward in any direction by so specifying in 
the command. Thus, 

C. Left Form Column on the Right. 

The left section advances section distance, 
unless some other is specified, and turns to 
the right. The others follow in succession 
until the column is formed. 

To break from the left and march to the 
right the command would be : 
C. Left Form Column en the Right, Forward. 



1G7 



1 B 

E 

3 

a 

ON RIGHT INTO LINE. 

4-0, 

a 



w/ 

FACED TO REAR RIGHT INTO LINE. 



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a 



ON RIGHT INTO LINE.. 



El Hi EJ [I 



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yy r.jl 

FACED TO RR. L. /T\ 

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INTO LINE. 
FACING IN ANY DIRECTION. 



ULELJU-H 



LEFT FORM COLUMN ON RIGHT. 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

C. Forward, into Line. 

E. P. Is* S. Bight dress. 
L. F. 2d S. Right dress. 
E. Er. 3d S. Bight half turn. 
L. Er. ith 8. Left half turn. 

The lieutenants go to points outside the 
flank, on the line of the front section guides. 
The guides stand fast to mark the new po- 
sitions for the rear sections, 

March. 

The front sections are dressed on their 
guides. The rear sections step out. The 
chiefs of the rear sections take their places 
by the side of the company guides. The 
corporal on the inner flank, who now be- 
comes the guide, directs his course upon 
the chief of section, who is established on 
the line. 

The chief of the section then halts it and 
dresses it. 



COMPANY. 

Column of Section Squares at Full Distance. 
C. Right Forward, Into Line. 

The sections are established by the guides 
and lieutenants. 

F. 3d S. Left dress. 
F. C. Is* 8. Bight half turn. 
Er. C. 2d S. Bight half turn. 
Br. Uh S. Bight half turn. 

March, 

Same as for the right sections in square. 
The guides mark successively the left of 
each section. 

* C. Half Left Right into Line. 

* C Section distance on Right into Line. 

* C. At double distance, Twenty Yards Half 
Right, into Line, etc., etc. 

Each section goes directly to its new po- 
sition with the guide left. 

When two paths cross, the section nearer 
the pivot waits for the other to pass. 

170 



COMPANY. 

Close Order. 

The principles of all the manoeuvres are 
the same as at full distance, as shown by the 
following examples. 

Square in Close Order on the March. 
C. Right Turn. 

The chiefs of section command, forward 
guide right. The left guddes and markers 
hasten to their places. 

March. 

Repeated by all the chiefs. Each section 
is turned to the right as soon as its right 
guide comes directly behind his new posi- 
tion. The movement is completed as at full 
distance. 

Section right half turn is not used, but 
sections may turn to right and right about. 
The rear files take care not to touch the 
guide of the next section, 



171 



M \-WMi H MU 



1 I I 1 I 

l I— I M 



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1 I I I I 

I \-\ H 



EB I I I 1 I I I 1 I I B3 
FORWARD, ROUTE STEP. 



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RIGHT FACE, FORWARD, 
ROUTE STEP. 



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: 



B - 

B 
1 



RIGHT TURN. 
(MARCHING— CLOSE ORDER.) 



COMPANY. 

Square in Close Order. 
Company Into Line. 

K. F. 1st S. Bight dress. 

L. F. 2d S. Eight dress. 

E. Kr. 3d S. Right face, forward. 

L. Rr. Uh S. Left face, forward. 

March. 

The rear sections step out and each is 
marched up to the line by the flank, when 
the guides are immediately behind their 
places in line they are halted and dressed 
on the centre. 



174 



COMPANY. 

Line of Section Squakes in Close Order 

C. Form Square. 

R 3d S. Left face, forward. 
E. C. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 
L. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
L. 4:thS. Bight face, forward. 

The company guides step half-section dis- 
tance to the front, and establish the new 
line under the direction of the lieutenants. 

March. 

Repeated by the chiefs of the centre sec- 
tions. The centre sections are established 
on the line and dressed to the right. As 
soon as the other sections are unmasked 
their chiefs give the command, March, and 
each section is halted, faced to the front, 
and dressed as soon as its leading guide 
comes directly in rear of the inner guide of 
the sections in front. 



175 




COMPAN.Y I.N HOLLOW SQUARE. 



COMPANY. 

Square in Close Okder. 

C. Hollow Square. 

R F. 1st S. Left rear four, left front and 

right rear. 
L. F. 2d S. Eight rear four, right front and 

left rear. 
R. Rr. 3d S. About face, right rear four, right 

front and left rear. 
L. Rr. Uh S. About face, left rear four, left 
front and right rear. 
The officers, guides, and chiefs of section 
go to the centre. The markers go to the 
centre of each flank. 

March. 
The inner fours of each section are so 
divided that the twos on the flank of the 
section go to the front and rear, and the 
others go to the flanks of the company, so 
as to fill all the gaps between the sections, 
all face outwards. 

C. Close Order. 
The men face towards their former places. 

March. 
All take their places in Square in Close 
Order. 

177 



COMPANY. 

Squabe in Close Order. 

C. Right, by Platoons. 

E. 1st Platoon. Forward, guide left. 
L. 2d Platoon. Right face, forward. 

March. 

Repeated by the chief of the right platoon. 
When this section has advanced section dis- 
tance, the chief of the left platoon gives the 
command of execution, and marches his 
platoon to its new position. The company 
guides establish the sections on the line. 

Column of Sections in Close Order. 

C. Left into Square. 

F. 1st Platoon. Bight dress. 

Rr. 2d Platoon. Left face, forward. 

March. 

Repeated by the chief of the rear platoon, 
who marches his platoon by the right flank 
to the front, and establishes it in its new 
position. 

178 



COMPANY. 

Open Order. 

A company in open order is dressed, 
marched, faced, and turned, by the same 
commands and on the same principles as 
one at full distance. 

Square of Section Squares, Full Distance, 
or Close Order. 

C. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 

R F. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 

L. F. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 

E. Er. 3d S. Right face, forward. 

L. Er. 4tth S. Left face, forward. 

The guides pace to the front and estab- 
lish the front sections. The company 
markers and guides go to their new posi- 
tions. 

March. 

The sections are marched to their new po- 
sitions. The front sections are obliqued 
right and left, after marching half-section 
distance to the front. Each is halted by 
its chief and dressed to the right. 
179 



□ □ : 



4 3 

FRONT SECTIONS FRONT. 





^ 


1 

3 





4 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 

FRONT LINE 



* * 

_ 4 w 2 ,„ 



*v- 






4 3 

+ + 

BYPLATOON COMPANY DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



* + * 

4 2 



.LTU 






4 2 1 3 

■ □ 



\ 



BY PLATOON COMPANY DISTANCE RIGHT OPEN LINE. 



d □ 



□ n' 1 

2 1 

\ LTT1 



H 3 4 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE. DISTANCE RIGHT 

- OPEN SQUARE. 



1 






TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND~REAR OPEN SQUARE. 








- 





■ * 2 1 3 , 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 



COMPANY. 

* C. Front Sections, Front. 

The front sections execute the movement 
as in opening the square. These sections 
may also be extended to the right, left, 
right and left, etc. The rear sections may 
also be extended in the same manner and 
by similar commands. 

Square of Section Squares, Full Distance, 
or Close Order. 

* C. (to double distance) Right Open Square. 

E. F. 1st S. Right half face, forward. 
L. F. 2d 8. Forward, guide right. 
B. Kr. 3d 8. Bight face, forward. 
L. Rr. Uh S. Right dress. 

The sections are established as above and 
the movement is executed in a similar man- 
ner. 

The square may be opened to the right, 
left, and rear, etc., or to the right, left, front, 
and rear, in a similar manner. For the last 
the command would be, 

O. Front and Rear Open Square. 

182 






COMPANY. 

Squake at Full Distance, or in open order. 

C. (to close order, etc., or full distance) Close 
Square. 

E. F. 1st S. Left face , forward, 
L. F. 2d S. Bight face, forward. 
E. Er. 3rd S. Left half face, for ward. 
L. Er. Uh 8. Right half face, forward. 

The right guide establishes the right sec- 
tion, and the others are established upon it. 
March. 

The rear sections are marched to the 
front as soon as they come in rear of their 
new positions. 

The square, or any part of it, may be 
closed in any direction by inverse means to 
those described for opening it. If only a 
part of the square is moved, all the sections 
are established upon those that stand fast 



183 



o f. 



*, + *■ + 

2 1 



-!i 



2 | 

4 3 



2 

4 3 



TJ 



d \\ * n x n 



4- 3 

FJJLL DISTANCE CLOSE SQUARE. 



D 



FULL. DISTANCE LEFT. 
CLOSE SQUARE. 



n 








4 3 

FULL DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR CLOSE SQUARE. 



n f HI — I 
Wk 1 



* 

J 3_ 



_ 



2 1 

FULL DISTANCE CLOSE LINE, 



■ • n ° 

n l_l 



COMPANY. 

Line of Sections, Full Distance, or Close 
Order. 

O. (to double, etc., distance) Open Line. 

E. 3d S. Bight face, forward, 

R C. 1st S. Eight face, forward. 

L. C. 2d S. Left face, forward. 

L. Uh S. Left face, forward. 

The guides establish the new positions of 
the centre sections under direction of the 
lieutenants. 

March. 

All step out. The chiefs of the flank sec- 
tions estimate the distances for the inner 
guides of their sections. The sections are 
halted and dressed on the right centre sec- 
tion. The rear company markers take their 
places on a line with the front markers and 
at half-company distance from them. The 
guides go to the flanks at half-section dis- 
tance from the section guides. 



185 



COMPANY. 

Two Ranks in Close Order. 

C. to Double Distance Open Line, March. 

Section Full Distance, March. Single Rank, 
March. 

Executed as prescribed in the School of 
the Company and Section. 

C. Sections Double Rank, March. Close Or- 
der, March. 

O. to Close Order, Close Line, March. 

Column of Section at Full Distance. 

C. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 

F. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 
F. C. 3d S. Forward, guide right. 
Rr. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
Rr. Uh S. Eight dress. 

The guides establish the new positions of 
the centre sections, under direction of the 
second lieutenant. 

March. 

The front sections step out. The centre 
sections are ejtablished on their guides. 
The chief of the front section paces off twice 
186 



COMPANY. 

section distance from the front guide, and 
is established on the line by the second 
lieutenant. The sections are halted and 
dressed to the right. 

The markers take places corresponding to 
those in a line in open order. 



187 



* * 

4 2 1 3 



1 



4 3 

FULL DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



# LT 



/4 3\ 



2 1 

f_ull.distance form square. 



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n n • 



_ 



° n 



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• p 



LT 



m 



4- 3 

FULL DISTANCE CLOS"E LINE. 



FULL. DISTANCE CLOSE 
COLUMNS. 



! 3 



4 2 1 

d D 

DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE. 



__ 





4- 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



_y 



*□ n ° 

2 1 

4 3 



2 1 

~n rr 



TREBLE DISTANCE. 
OPEN COLUMNS, 



TREBLE DISTANCE. 
OPEN LINES. 



COMPANY. 

Line of Sections at Full Distance oe Closh 
Ordek. 

*C. By Platoon (to double, etc., distance) Open 
Line. 

On the same principles. 

The sections of each platoon may also be 
separated. All these movements are per- 
formed in a similar manner in a column of 
sections, and may in either case be made 

On a DESIGNATED SECTION. 

The company in line may be extended 
while gaining ground to the front or rear, 
by making a third of a turn to reach the 
new position ; when the flank sections have 
gained their distances to the right and left 
the centre sections mark time to enable 
them to come up. 

The company is closed by inverse means. 
The sections are established upon the right 
of the right centre section, or upon the front 
of the front centre section, excepting that 
when one stands fast the others are estab- 
lished upon it. 



190 






□ □ 



TREBLE DISTANCE FORMSQUARE. 



a ti 



RIGHT AND LEFT SECTIONS FRONT. REAR SECTIONS CENTRE. 



FORM LINE. 



YV 



\ 



l 



i 



! / 



b / 



A / 



y 

\ A , , 

° b b d d ° 

4 2 13 

n n 

DOUBLE DISTANCE FORWARD OPEN LINE, 



COMPANY. 

Squaee at Full Distance, or Close Order. 
* C. (at double, etc., distance) Form Line. 

The sections are marched by the flank. 
The rear sections are obliqued in time to 
come on the line in their new positions. 

Line of Sections Squares at Full Distance 

or Close Order. 
* C. (at double, etc. , distance) Form Square. 

The sections are established as in open- 
ing the square. The centre sections are 
marched to the front and then obliqued to 
their places. The flank sections are faced 
inward (if necessary) and marched by the 
flank. 

A square in close order, or one at full 
distance, may also be made from the line 
of sections at full distanc e, or in open order. 

A company in square may be formed into 
line or column at any distance. 

A line or column of sections may be trans- 
posed while extending or closing, by observ- 
ing the principles above indicated ; viz., to 
combine the direct and oblique march so as 
not to crowd the units. 
192 



COMPANY. 

Square at Full Distance. 

C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards, Open 
Square, March. 

The company opens to double distance 
and then the front sections continue to ad- 
vance until they are two hundred yards in 
front of the rear sections. As soon as the 
square has been opened the guides and 
markers go to the captain, the guides keep 
5 yards behind him, and the markers in 
square at full distance 1\ yards behind the 
guides, until their services are required. 

After advancing 200 yards the front sec- 
tions are halted by their chiefs, who com- 
mand : 

S. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
Square, March. 

The section is opened to double distance 
and the corporals go 200 yards to the front 
with the front fours and halt. 

*C. For Combat, to Treble Distance, One Hun- 
dred Yards, Open Square, March. 

The same, excepting that the square is 
opened to treble distance and the front sec- 
193 



ffl EB 



do no 



n a n a 



COMPANY FORMED FOR COMBAT, 

(DISTANCE BETWEEN LINES REDUCED.) 



nmn i 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 nmn 



DDnnnDannoDDonna 



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DDDU DDDO DODO £l □ □ D 



nnDDaaaDaanaa ana 



a o a oBa a p a 



. ^ d a a □ 

O 

REINFORCING'THE LTINF, 



* ■* * * * * * 

REINFORCEMENTS • .. n « a a.. 

+ + + +■ 

6UPPORT8 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ 



B. H 



! B H a 



H .88. sr JS 

REGIMENT iN FORMATION FOR COMBAT* 



COMPANY. 

tions advance one hundred yards, and open 
to treble distance. 

The front fours advance 100 yards and 
halt. 

* C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
Square, Front Sections Half Company Dis- 
tance, Open Front Line, March. 

The front fours of the front sections sep- 
arate until they are half company distance 
apart. 

*C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards, Front 
Sections and Fours Front, March. 

Executed on similar principles. 



196 



COMPANY. 

Formation for Combat. 

C. to Full Distance, Rear Close Square. 

C. to One Hundred Yards Close Columns, or 
Rear Close Columns. 

* Rear Section to Four Times Distance, Open 

Line. 

* C. Front Sections to Full Distance, Close 

Squares. 

* C. to Treble Distance, Right Rear into Line, 

etc., etc. 

Are executed on the same principles as at 
full distance. 

After forming for combat the line may 
be reinforced in any manner that may be 
required. The fours and sections on the 
firing line do not change their distances un- 
less it is so specified in the command. 

C. Sections and Company, Rear Fours and 

Sections Centre, into Line. 

C. Squads and Platoons Right into Line. 

C. Sections and Company into Line. 

* C. Right and Left Sections, Right and Left 

into Line, Company into Line. 

By these movements a line is formed cov- 
ering ^, T V, |, or | x I = - 1 / of a company 
197 



COMPANY. 

front ; so as to make a firing line of about 
2 men to a yard, 1^ man to a yard, one man 
to If yard, or one man to 2f yards. 

C. Sections and Company Right into Line. 

Thus the line is extended company front 
to the right, with one man to If yard. 

* C. Right Rear Section Company Distance 

Right of Firing Line, at double distance, 
half left into line. 

* C. Left Rear Section Fifty Yards in Front of 

Firing Line, treble distance into Line. 

* C. Right Rear Section, Centre of Firing Line 

Close Order. 

In this manner the line may be reinforced, 
extended, or passed, or an offensive or de- 
fensive crotchet may be formed on either 
flank. 



198 



SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. 

ORGANIZATION. 

A battalion consists of four companies 
and their officers, etc. It is commanded by 
a major, who is assisted in his tactical duties 
by an adjutant and sergeant-major for di- 
rectors, two sergeants for guides, and four 
privates for markers. 

When the battalion is assembled for roll- 
call, etc., it is formed in line of section 
squares, the battalion and companies being 
at full distance, and the sections in close 
order. The companies are disposed as fol- 
lows from right to left : Third, first, sec- 
ond, fourth. The two right companies con- 
stitute the first subdivision, the two left the 
second subdivision. 



199 



I 



41 



BATTALION. 

POSTS OF OFFICERS, GUIDES, ETC., IN 
THE ORDER OF ASSEMBLY. 

Each captain is one-fourth section dis- 
tance in front of the centre of the front 
rank of his company. The adjutant and 
sergeant-major one-fourth company dis- 
tance from the rear rank and behind the 
centres of their respective wings. 

The right guide three-quarters company 
distance to the right of the centre of the 
nearest company, and on a line with the 
front company markers. The left guide in 
a corresponding position on the left of the 
battalion. 



201 



BATTALION. 

THE ASSEMBLY. 

To assemble the battalion for roll-call, 
parade, etc., the companies are formed on 
their parade-grounds and 

Adjutant's Call 
is sounded. The sergeant-major takes his 
place on the left of the adjutant ; the right 
and left guides 46 inches behind them, and 
then the battalion markers in square in close 
order, the front markers 46 inches behind 
the guides. They then march to the bat- 
talion parade-ground, where the adjutant 
places the right front marker in position 
and establishes the left front marker on the 
proper line to fix the front of the battalion. 
The rear markers take their positions from 
them. The guides then pace half company 
distance to the rear from the markers. The 
adjutant and sergeant-major place them- 
selves on the flanks of this line a little more 
than company distance outside the markers. 
The right guide paces half company distance 
along the line to fix the place for the right 
front company marker, and the same dis- 
tance again for the left marker of the right 



BATTALION. 

front company ; from this point the left 
guide paces off the distances for the front 
markers of the left company. The markers 
of the flank companies are next established 
by pacing the distances from those of the 
centre companies. The adjutant and ser- 
geant-major keep the guides on the proper 
line until the company markers are estab- 
lished. The companies are marched to their 
places, dressed on their markers, and de- 
ployed into line of sections. The adjutant, 
sergeant-major, and guides go their places 
as soon as the markers of the companies are 
established. 

B. Assemble in Line. March. 

This is executed in the same manner as 
the assembly for parade, excepting that the 
major fixes the front markers of the battalion. 
B. Assemble in Square. March. 

Same as above, excepting that the mark- 
ers of the rear companies are fixed in their 
proper places by the adjutant and sergeant- 
major without pacing. 

In action all the positions are fixed with- 
out pacing. 

203 






BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
1M SQUARE AT FULL DISTANCE. 




BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTION8. 
i» SQUARE IN CLOSE ORDER. 



BATTALION. 
B. Rally in Line. 

The major, assisted by the adjutant, ser- 
geant-major and battalion guides, places a 
marker to indicate where the right of each 
company is to rest 

Each company is rallied by its captain, if 
not already so, and conducted at a run to 
the markers. 

The major and adjutant indicate to the 
captains, as they arrive, where they are to 
establish their companies. 

B. Rally in Square. 

Same as above, excepting that the markers 
are established in square. 

A battalion may be rallied on any desig- 
nated company, or on a guide who may be 
sent forward to select a new position. 



205 



BATTALION. 

Squaee at Full Distance. 

The major establishes the front markers. 
B. Right Dress. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major go to 
the line of the guides and, if necessary, 
correct their positions. 

The markees of the front companies and 
the left markers of the rear companies turn 
their heads and eyes to the right. 

The right guide cautions the front mark- 
ers of the right front company to move up 
or back until they are on a line with himself 
and the left guide. The left guide sees that 
the markers of the left front company are 
on the line. 

The captains require the company mark- 
ers to keep their proper distances and see 
that the company conforms to what is pre- 
scribed in the School of the Company. 

"When the adjutant and sergeant-major 
are satisfied with the alignment of the front 
companies, they correct the positions of the 
rear companies, if necessary, and then go to 
their places. The major, when satisfied with 
the alignment, commands front. 
206 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 
B. Forward, Guide Right. 

The major designates the point of direction 
for the right front marker, and establishes 
the left marker at right angles to the line 
of march. 

Mai 

All step out. 

The left front marker keeps abreast of 
the right front marker. The right guide 
keeps on the track of the marker and at 
half-company distance from him. The left 
guide keeps half-company distance behind 
the left marker and at half-company dis- 
tance to the left of the left company. The 
right guide keeps the markers of the right 
front companies on the Hue between him- 
self and the left guide. The left guide 
keeps those of the left front company on 
the same line. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major see 
that the right markers of the rear com- 
panies keep at the proper distance and fol- 
low in the track of those of the front com- 
pany. 

207 






BATTALION. 

The major and sergeant-major observe 
that the left battalion marker keeps half 
battalion distance from the right marker, 
and the major also sees that the captains 
require the company markers to keep the 
proper distance from the right guide or the 
marker to the right. 



208 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. Right Face. 

The adjutant, sergeant-major, and com- 
pany guides keep their plac- 

Forward March. 

All step out, and each man regulates his 
march upon the same man as if the column 
were marching by the former front with the 
guide to the right. 

If the major commands : 

Guide Left, or Forward, Guide Left, or R. 
Turn or Section R. Turn, 

the guides shift to the new front and the 
adjutant and sergeant-major to the new 
flank. If the battalion is faced again to the 
right, they go to their proper subdivisions. 



209 



BATTALION. 

Squake at Full Distance. 
B. About Face. 
The battalion faces about. 

Forward, Guide Right. 

The guides, etc., conform to the new front, 
and the left guide now becomes the right. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. Right Oblique, March. 

Each man regulates his march upon the 
same man as if marching to the front with 
the guide to the right. 

Square at Full Distance. 
*B. Companies Right Half Turn, March. 

Eepeated by all the captains. 

After the turns are completed, the left 
markers of the front companies place them- 
selves half-section distance from the left 
guides and in a direction from them per- 
pendicular to the original front. 

The right guide puts himself company dis- 
tance from the left marker of the front com- 
210 



BATTALION. 

pany, and on a line with him and the same 
marker of the left company. The left guide 
half-company distance from the left marker 
of the left company and on the same line ; 
the right marker half-company distance to 
the right and front of the right guide. 

When the companies of the square have 
turned half right, to march in the new di- 
rection, the major commands : 

B. Forward, Guide Left. 

The right company markers come up on a 
line with the left markers, and at half-com- 
pany distance from them. The battalion 
gueoes remain on the line of the front com- 
pany markers. The front markers of the 
front companies follow left and rear of the 
front guide and keep half-company distance 
from him and from each other. The front 
markers of the rear company keep at com- 
pany distance to the right and rear of cor- 
responding markers of the front companies, 
which they judge by their new positions. 



211 




RIGHT TURN. 

(MARCHING.) 




RIGHT TURN* 
MARCH- 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance (at a halt). 

B. Right Turn. 

R F. 1st C. Right half turn, forward. 

L. F. 2d C. Right half turn, forward. 

E. Er. 3d C. Left half face, forward. 

L. Er. Ath G. Forward, guide right. 

The adjutant stands fast ; the sergeant- 
major goes to a point a little beyond the 
left of the new line. 

The right guide paces orY half-company 
and company distance on this line to mark 
the positions of the markers of the right 
front company. Here he meets the left 
guide, who places the markers of the left 
front company in the same manner. The 
rear markers are established on the new 
positions of the front markers. 

March. 

The front companies are marched to their 
new places, the right guides directing them- 
selves upon their markers. Each captain 
halts his company and commands, 
213 



BATTALION. 

Eight Turn, March. 
When the turn is completed, the company 
is halted and dressed to the right. 

The right rear company is marched to the 
front in time to come up to its new posi- 
tion, and is halted, turned to the right, and 
dressed on its marker. The left rear com- 
pany is turned half right in time to come up 
to its marker, and then turned half right 
into position. 
B. To the Rear on the Right Guide Left Turn. 

Each company turns by the rear rank. 
The first and second make more than a half 
turn ; the third and fourth make a right 
rear turn ; the third company obliques in 
time to go to its new position. 



214 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance (Marching). 

B. Right Turn. 

R F. 1st G Eight half turn. 

L. F. 2d C. Right half turn. 

R. Rr. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 

L. Rr. 1th G. Forward, guide right. 

March. 

The right guide faces right, marks time 
until the right guide of the right front com- 
pany comes abreast of him and then take3 a 
half step. The left guide and front battalion 
and company markers hasten to their new 
positions. The front companies make a half 
right turn. The right front company con- 
tinues to march at half -step until its guide 
comes to the line of the battalion guide ; 
it then makes another half -turn and dreses 
on the battalion guide. 

The captain commands : 

Forward, March, 

after the half turn is completed, and when 

the company arrives on the new line, it turns 

again half right, again takes full step, and 

215 



BATTALION. 

then half step, when it arrives on the new 
line. 

The rear companies turn on the same 
ground as the front companies, and then 
conform to what is prescribed for these 
companies. 

After the turn is completed, the major 
commands : 

Forward, March. 

For a turn of less than a right angle, the 
companies make half the turn before and 
half after advancing, 



216 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

* B. Change Front to Right. 

R F. 1st C. About face, forward, guide right 
L. F. 2<i C. Right face, forward, guide right 
R. Rr. 3(7(7. Left face, forxcard, guide right. 
L. Rr. Wi C. Forward, guide light. 

The battalion markers stand fast ; the 
company markers run to their new po- 
sitions ; the battalion guides shift to the 
new line and verify the company markers 
under the direction of the adjutant and 
sergeant-major. 

March. 

All the companies march half-company 
distance and are then turned to the right 
by their chiefs, faced in the new direction, 
and dressed to the right and front. 

The battalion markers shift to the right. 



217 



4 2 



3 , 1 



f /v&'> i I 1 

! i 



CHANGE FRONT TO RIGHT. 
MARCH. 



BATTALION. 

Squaee as Above. 

* B. Change Front to Rear. 

Same as above, except that the guides 
shift to the rear. 

March. 

After marching half-company distance all 
the companies turn to the right and march 
half-company distance to the new front. 
They are halted, turned, and faced as 
above. 



219 



BATTALION. 

Line of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 

B. Right Dress. 

Executed as prescribed for the front com- 
panies of a square. 

Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 

The major establishes the right markers. 

B. Right Dress. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major go to 
the line of the guides. The front guide 
faces about when his position has been veri- 
fied by the adjutant. 

The battalion is dressed upon the same 
principles as in square. 



231 



1 / .- ft 

t 



BATTALION. 

Line of Companies at Full Distance, 
B. Forward, Guide Right, March. 

The major indicates the points of direc- 
tion to the right marker and establishes the 
left marker at right angles to this direction. 
The right guide keeps company distance to 
the right of and half -company distance be- 
hind the right battalion marker. The left 
guide keeps half-company distance behind 
the line of the battalion markers. 

The company markers and the left guide 
keep themselves at the proper distance from 
the guide or marker on their right. The 
guides maintain the company markers on a 
line with themselves. 

If there are several companies in line op 
sections, the proper distance from the com- 
pany on the right will be estimated indepen- 
dently by the right guide of the company and 
the right front marker. The former judges 
by his distance from the left guide of the next 
company ; the latter by his distance from 
the left marker of the right company, both 
absolutely and relatively, to the left marker 
222 



BATTALION. 

of his own company. The right guide takes 
into consideration the position of the right 
marker as well as his own judgment, but if 
the guide of the right company is very near 
to him, he will give the most weight to his 
own distance from him. 

In determining the line, the guide is al- 
ways governed by the marker. 

The lieutenant supervises the position 
both of the guide and of the marker, and 
for this purpose he goes where he can best 
judge of the proper distance. He also sees 
whether the left guide of the right section 
comes behind the marker. 

Column of Companies at Full Distance. 
B. Forward, Guide Right. 

The major gives the front guide a point to 
march on. The right front marker of the 
front company keeps the proper distance 
behind the battalion guide. The other 
right company markers follow. 

The companies march as explained in the 
School of the Company. 

223 



BATTALION. 

Line or Column at Full Distance. 

The Companies in Line, Column, or Square. 

B. Right Face. 

The lieutenants and guides keep their 

places. 

Forward, March. 

All step out, and each man regulates his 
march on the same man as if marching by 
the former front with the guide to the right. 

B. Right Face, or Guide Right, or Forward 
Guide Right, or R. Turn, etc. 

The guides of a column shift to the new 
directing flank, if not already there. 

The guides of the companies shift at the 
same time, if necessary. 



224 



BATTALION. 

* Line of Company Squakes Half Eight. 

B. Forward, Guide Left. 

F. 3d C. Forward, guide left 

F. C. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 

Er. C. 2d C. Forward, guide left. 

Er. teh C. Forward, guide left. 

March. 

Executed as prescribed for the front com- 
panies of the square. 

Line of Companies in Two Banes at Full 

Distance. 

B. Right Face Forward, Guide Left, March. 

The major gives the front guide a point to 
march on. The front guide of the front 
company keeps one and half section dis- 
tance behind the front battalion guide. 

The other company guides and the men 
in the front rank, now become the left file, 
follow each other at a distance of 46 inches. 
The company markers take care to keep on 
the line, and the rear guides caution the 
markers in the front of them to incline to 
the right or left, if necessary. 
225 



BATTALION. 

Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 

AT A HALT. 

B. Right Turn. 

The right guide establishes the markers 
of the right companies and meets the left 
guide, who establishes those of the left 
company. 

on the march. 
B. Right Turn. 
Same as the front companies of a square. 



BATTALION. 

Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 

B. Left Face. 

B. Right Turn. 

Same as the flank companies of a square. 

B. Right Turn, 

is executed in a column of companies on 
the battalion guide, but may be executed 
by the companies successively, thus : 

B. Head of Column Right. 

The right rear marker of the front company 
who marks the pivot is replaced as soon as 
possible by the front marker of the ^.ext 
company. 



227 



q. 2 



1 3 



b n' 



2 1 

4 3 

INTO LINE. 



BATTALION. 

Squabe at Full Distance. 

B. Into Line. 

E. F. 1st C. Bight dress. 

L. F. 2d C. Right dress. 

E. Kr. 3d C. Bight half face, forward. 

L. Er. Uh C. Left half face, forward. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major place 
themselves on the line of the guides, and a 
little more than company distance from 
them. 

The battalion guides establish the mark- 
ers of the rear company on the new line. 

March. 

The rear companies step out and are 
halted and dressed to the right when they 
arrive on the line. 



229 



en 



4 ! 



D 



•~ — <— • ® 



t 



1 3 

D 



FORM SQUARE. 



BATTALION. 

Line of Compaq Squares at Full Distance. 
B. Form Square. 

R 3d C. Left face, forward. 

E. C. 1st C. Forward, guide right. 

L. C. 2d 0. Forward, guide right. 

L. Mil C. Right face, forward. 
The guides step off, pace company dis- 
tance to the front. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major place 
themselves on this line. The guides run to 
the centre ; the right guide places himself 
in front of the right guide of the right front 
company. He is put on the line by the 
adjutant, and establishes the markers of the 
right front company ; the left guide meets 
him and establishes the markers of the left 

front company. 

March. 

All the companies step out. The battalion 
markers hasten to their new positions ; the 
chief of each of the front companies halts 
his company when its guide arrives at his 
place already established ; the chief of each 
rear company halts it and faces it to the 
front when its guide arrives behind the 
marker already established. 
231 



eTth uns 

4 3 

REAR FORM LINE. 

H E ]B~TB 

n~a'-- y 

4- 3. 

RIGHT .INTO LINE. 



Q00D 

4\ 2 1 SB 

m B 0'" 

REAR INTO SQUARE. 

s m □ n 

2 1 / 3 / 4- 

S ET*^ 

LEFT REAR INTO SQUARE. 



Ef"0il]"t3 

2j 1 

d izr^ 

4- 3 

RIGHT FORM LINE. 



a a 

2 \ 1 \ 



RIGHT REAR FORM LINE. 



0"ct~d d 

4- 2 1 / 8 

b s~~ 



LEFT REAR FORM SQUARE, 

a ® i — f . — f ® a 

E 

" SmJI] 

4-213 
LEFT FORM SQUARE. 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. Left into Line. 

L. F. 1st G. Right dress. 

L. Kr. 2d G. Bight dress. 

R F. 3 d G. Left face, forward. 

E. Rr. Uh G. Left half face, forward. 

The sergeant-major places himself on the 
line of the company markers, and at about 
twice company distance to their left. 

March. 

The left guide establishes the markers of 
the rear companies on the new line. The 
rear companies step out. The left rear com- 
pany is halted and dressed upon its mark- 
ers ; the right rear company is marched 
twice company distance, obliqued to the 
front, and halted and dressed on its mark- 
ers. The captain of the Right Rear com- 
pany explains to his markers that they are 
to pass on and come upon the left of those 
of the Left Rear company. 



333 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 
B. Rear Form Line. 

The front companies go the rear. 
The rear companies go to the flanks. 

B. Right Form Line. 

The front companies go the right. 
The left rear company goes to the front. 
The right rear company goes to the right 
and obliques to the front. 

B. Right Rear Form Line. 
The front companies go to the right and 
rear. 

The right rear company goes to the right. 

Line of Companies at Full Distance. 

The following are the reverse of the last 
two movements : 

B. Left Rear Form Square. 
B. Left Form Square. 

The reverse of B. Into Line and B. Right 
Into Line are : 

B. Rear Into Square. 

B. Left Rear Into Square. 
234 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. Right, By Divisions. 

R F. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 
L. F. 2d G. Might face, forward. 
R. Br. 3d C. Forward, guide left. 
L. Kr. £th C. Right face, forward. 

The adjutant goes a little more than 
twice company distance in front of the left 
marker of the right company. 

The right battalion guide marks the po- 
sition of the left marker of the right rear 
company in front of the original line at 
twice company distance, and those of the 
right rear company at company distance 
from it. The left guide goes to the left 
of the right front company and establishes 
the markers of the left companies. 

March. 

The right companies move to the front. 
The left companies march to their new posi- 
tions ; they are then halted, faced to the 
front and all are dressed to the left. 
235 



BATTALION. 

Column of Company Squares at Pull Dis- 
tance. 

B. Left, Into Square. 

F. 1st C. Left dress. 

F. C. 3d G. Left dress. 

Kr. C. 2d C. Left half face, forward. 

Br. A.th G. Left half face, forward. 

The adjutant places himself a little to the 
right of the right marker of the front com- 
pany. The sergeant-major places himself 
a little more than company distance to the 
left of the left marker of the front company. 
The left guide goes to the left of the left 
company marker and establishes the mark- 
ers of the rear centre company at half- 
company distance from him. 

March. 

The front companies stand fast. The rear 
companies oblique and then march to the 
front, directing themselves upon the mark- 
ers. The companies are halted and dressed 
to the right. 

The battalion markers take their new 
places. 

236 



BATTALION. 

B. Right Into Column. 
B. Right Form Square. 

These are executed on similar principles. 

As the square is usually formed from col- 
umn by subdivisions, it is not necessary so 
to specify. In exceptional cases, to form 
column or come into column by companies, 
the command should be : 

B. Right by Companies Form Column. 

The new positions are fixed as explained 
above. 

The left companies oblique to their new 
places as soon as the front company has ad- 
vanced half company distance. 

B. Right by Companies Into Column. 

The right companies stand fast ; the left 
companies are formed in front of them in 
reverse order. 

B. Right by Companies Form Square, 
B. Right by Companies Into Square, 

are executed on similar principles. 
237 



3 ® 1 




4 RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE; 

O MARCH. 



* o a 



1 a 3 



RlQHT'FORM COLUMN. 
MARCH& 



BATTALION. 

Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 

All movements are executed as far as pos- 
sible in the same manner as from a square. 

B. Right Form Column. 

R 3d C. Forward, guide left. 

R C. 1st C. Right face, forward. 

L. C. 2d C. Right face, forward. 

L. 4tth G. Right face, forward. 

The company markers hasten to their new 
positions and are established by the battal- 
ion guides under direction of the adjutant 
and sergeant-major. 

March. 

All the companies step out, and are 
marched by the flank to their new positions, 
as soon as they arrive where the right 
company stood they are dressed to the left 
on their markers. 



239 






To 

uufeu 



F. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 



[±f [It H TU 




R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
FORM COLUMN. 



■a 



D"TJ 



"n 



R. C. TO RIGHT. 
INTO LINE. 



B L±T LIT UTtEl s 

\ \ a 




R. C. AND L. C. TO FRONT. 
FORM COLUMN. 



a 



4\ 2 
\ 




3 D 



'fe 



ON F. C. TO FRONT, 

F. TO RIGHT. 

LEFT FORM LINE. 



ON RIGHT CENTER. 
LEFT INTO COLUMN 



BATTALION. 

*B. Right Into Column, 

Same as above, excepting that the right 
company stands fast and the others oblique 
to the right. 

This movement may be executed on any 
named unit ; the company in front of the 
unit going to the left and rear. 



241 



BATTALION. 

Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
tance. 



B. Right Into Line. 

The company markers are established by 
the guide under direction of the adjutant 
and sergeant-major. 

F. 3d G. Left dress. 

F. C. 1st G. Bight half face, forvjard. 

Rr. C. 2d G Bight half face, forward. 

Rr. Uh G Bight half face, forward. 

March. 

Same as for the right companies in 
square. 

The guides establish successively the 
markers of each company. 

B. Right Form Line. 

This is the reverse of Left Form Column. 

A line may be changed into or form col- 
umn and conversely by indicating which 
companies in line go to the front, or which 
in the column go to the right. 
242 



p 

p 

CO? 

4 3 

BY SECTIONS, 



n 

BY SECTKDNS, 



RIGHT FORM COLUMN. RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 



2 |1 

D""T3 



2 

n 



6 

n ■ 

2 

d 

3 

n 



ON FRONT SECTION, 

TO RIGHT 
FRONT INTO COLUMN. 



R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, F.C. AND' RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
TO FRONT RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 

FORM COLUMN. 



Ef 

OTjrrtf 



la 



ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
RIGHT INTO LINE. 



*3 

h h 



b 



4 2 13 

ON LEFT SECTION, 

FRONT INTO ECHELON. 



BATTALION. 

Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 
* B. on Left Company Front Into Echelon. 

B. 3d G. Forward, guide left. 
E. C. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 
L. C. 2d G. Forward, guide left. 
L. Uh G. Left dress. 

The left guide paces company distance 
to the front from the left guide of the left 
marker of the left centre company, and the 
right guide twice section distance from the 
left marker of the right centre company to 
establish the markers of these companies in 
their new positions. The right guide then 
paces company distance to the right and 
company distance to the front to establish 
the right company. 

March. 

The companies step out and are estab- 
lished on their markers. 

* B. on Left Centre Company Right Front Into 
Echelon. 

Executed in the same manner, excepting 
that the left company goes to the rear. 
244 



BATTALION. 

The Battalion may be brought into eche- 
lon at any distance by so specifying in the 
command. 

The Line is re-established from echelon 
as from column. 

* One of the companies of a line may be 
sent to the front, or the front company of a 
column may be sent to the right or left, and 
the others brought into line upon it in any 
order that may be indicated in the com- 
mand. 

A column may be formed forward in any 
direction by so specifying in the command. 
Thus: 

B. Left Form Column on the Right 

The left company advances company dis- 
tance, unless some other is specified, and 
turns to the right. The others follow in 
succession until the column is formed- 



245 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. Forward, Into Line. 

E. F. 1st C. Right dress. 

L. F. 2d G. Eight dress. 

E. Er. 3d C. Right half turn. 

L. Er. 4tth C. Left half turn. 

The adjutant and sergeant-major go to a 
point outside the flank on a line with the 
front markers. 

The guides pace the distance for the 
markers of the rear company on a pro- 
longation of the line. 

March. 

The front companies are dressed on their 
markers. The rear companies step out, and 
when each has completed the change of di- 
rection, it is marched to the front and by 
another half turn established upon its mark- 
ers and dressed to the centre, 



246 



BATTALION. 

* Column of Company Squares at Full 
Distance. 

B. Right Forward Into Line. 

F. 3d C. Left dress. 

F. C. Is* C. Bight half turn. 

Er. C. 2d C. Eight half turn. 

Br. ith C. Bight half turn. 

The markers of the companies are estab- 
lished on the new line as in Eight Front 
Into Ltne. 

March. 

Executed as explained above for the right 
companies in square. 

B. Half Left, Right into Line. 
B. Company Distance on Right Into Line. 

* B. At Double Distance, Twenty Yards, Half 
Right Into Line, etc., etc. 

Each company goes directly to its new 
position with the guide left. 

When two paths cross, the company near- 
est to the basis waits for the other to pass. 
247 



BATTALION. 

Close Order. 

The principles of all the manoeuvres are 
the same as at full distance. 

Square in Close Order at a halt. 
B. Right Turn. 

R. 1st C. Forward, guide right 
L. 2d C. Forward, guide right. 
R Rr. 3d G. Forward, right face forward. 
L. Rr. Uh G. Forward, guide right. 

The front company markers are estab- 
lished on the new line. 

As the companies turn, the sections and 
files close up, and yield a little, if necessary, 
to avoid the next companies. 

March. 

Repeated by the chiefs of the left company. 
The left company advances company dis- 
tance, turns, and comes up to the new line. 
The left rear company marches forward and 
comes into position by turning. The right 
company comes up to its place and turns. 
The right rear company obliques to the left, 
marches to the front, and turns. 
250 



BATTALION. 

Square, in Close Order (marching). 
B. Right Turn. 

R 1st C. Forward, guide right 

L. 2d C. Forward, guide right. 

E. Er. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 

L. Er. 4dh C. Forward, guide right 

March. 

The left guides and markers hasten to 

their places. 

Each company is turned to the right as 
soon as its right guide comes directly be- 
hind his marker. The movement is com- 
pleted as at full distance. 



251 



BATTALION. 

Square in Close Order. 

B. Form Line. 

E. F. 1st C. Bight dress. 

L. F. 2d G. Eight dress'. 

B. Er. 3d C. Right face, forward. 

L. Er. UK C. Left face, forward. 

The guides go to their places. 

The rear companies step out and each is 
marched up to the line by the flank. When 
the guides are immediately behind their 
places in line they are halted and dressed 
on the centre. 



252 



BATTALION 

Line of Company Squaees in Close Order. 

B. Form Square. 

R 3d C. Left face, forward. 
R. C. 1st C. Forward, guide right 
L. C. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 
L. Uh C. Right face, forward. 

The battalion guides pace half-company 
distance to the front. The markers of the 
front company are established on the new 
front. 

March. 

Repeated by the chiefs of the centre com- 
pany. The centre companies are estab- 
lished on the line and dressed to the right. 
As soon as the other companies are un- 
masked their chiefs give the command of 
execution, and each company is halted, faced 
to the front, and dressed to the right as 
soon as its leading guide comes directly in 
the rear of the inner guide of the company 
in front. 



253 



BATTALION. 

Square in Close Order. 

B. Right by Divisions. 
R F. 1st G Forward, guide left. 
L. F. 2d G. Bight face, forward. 
R. Er. 3d G Forward, guide left 
L. Rr. teh G Bight face, forward. 

The battalion guides establish the mark- 
ers successively on the line. 

March. 

Repeated by the chief of the right com- 
panies. When these companies have advanced 
company distance, the chiefs of the left com- 
panies give the command of execution, and 
march their companies by their flank to 
their new positions. 

Column of Companies in Close Order. 

B. Left Into Square. 

F. 1st G. Bight dress. 

F. C. 3d G Bight dress. 
Rr. C. 2d G Left face, forward. 
Rr. Uh G. Left face, forward. 
254 



BATTALION. 
March. 

Repeated by the chiefs of the rear compa- 
nies, who march their companies by the right 
flank and establish them in their new posi- 
tions. 

Line of Companies in Close Order. 
B. Right Turn. 

The companies advance in echelon from 
the left, turn, and come up on the new line. 

Battalion Line of Company Square. 

B. Right Face. 
All face right. 

Forward, Guide Left. 

The guides shift to their positions in col- 
umn. 



255 



i i i i i i i .1 . i . i: 



I ! I, I I I I 



r~~ 



— ' 






-r^i^i i^^-i i — i i — y/m 



| I I I I 



I I 1 1 I 



i i i i i i 



I SE 



I 1 I I I 



I 



I I I I I 



I 1 * 



H I ^ 



H hH M M M h+H h- 1 H M M Mil J 

i i i i i i i i i i i i-M i i i i i i i i i i -r" 



BATTALION IN HOLLOW SQUARE. 



BATTALION. 

B. In Square in Close Order. 
B. Hollow Square. 

B. F. 1st C. Front sections left squad into 
ranks. 
Eight rear section right face 
into ranks. 
L. F. 2d C. Front sections right squad into 
ranks. 
Left rear section left face into 
ranks. 
B. Br. 3d C. Flight front section right face 
into ranks. 
Bear sections about face right 
squad into ranks. 
L. Br. 4:th C. Left front section left face into 
ranks. 
Bear sections about face left 
squad into ranks. 

The officers and guides and chiefs of sec- 
tion run to the centre through the nearest 

intervals. 

March. 

The sections are formed into ranks, and 
all face outward. The markers go to the 
257 



BATTALION. 

intervals between the sections to close 
them. The officers go behind the centres 
of their commands. 

B. Close Order. 

B. F. 1st G. Sections rear into square. 

L. F. 2d C. Sections rear into square. 

R Kr. 3d C. Sections rear into square. 

L. Kr. Uh C. Sections rear into square. 

March. 

The chiefs, guides, etc., go to their for- 
mer places. 

The sections are formed into square as 
before. 

The captains command Front Face. 

The chiefs of section command Left 
Face, etc. 



258 



BATTALION. 

Open Order. 

A Battalion in open order is dressed, 
marched, faced, and turned on the same 
principles as one at full distance. 

Square at Full Distance or Close Order. 
B. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 

B. F. 1st G. Forward, guide right. 

L. F. 2d G. Forward, guide right 

B. Br. 3d G. Right face, forward. 

L. Br. UhC. Left face, forward. 

The guides pace to the front the proper 
distance, and establish the front companies. 
The battalion mare^rs and guides go to 
their new positions. 

March. 

The companies are marched to their new 
positions. The front companies are obliqued 
to the right and left in time to bring them 
to their new positions. Each is halted by 
its chief and dressed to the right. 



259 



• i£ 



n r 



^ • 



2 1 

.4 3 



4 3 

FRONT COMPANIES FRONT. 



4 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 
FRONT LINE. 



* • * ' • * 
4v 2 







* 4c 

_1_ / 3 




BY_DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



i* + * 

4 2 



LTTT 



4-213 



\ 



BY DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 



□ □ 



□ D 

2' 1 

4. 

□" 



A 



4-3 4-3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE DISTANCE RIGHT 

OPEN SQUARE. 




TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR OPEN SQUARE. 







,4- 2 1 3 m 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 



BATTALION. 

Squake at Full Distance. 

To open the front line of the square the 
major commands : 

B. Front Companies, Front. 

The front companies execute the move- 
ment precisely as in opening the square. 
This line may also be opened to any dis- 
tance, right, or right and left, etc. 

The rear companies may be sent to the 
front or opened out in the same manner. 



BATTALION. 

Squabe at Full Distance. 
B. (to double, etc., distance) Right Open Square. 

R F. 1st C. Right half face, forward. 
L. F. 2d C. Forward, guide left. 
E. Br. 3d C. Bight face, forward. 
L. Er. Uh C. Bight dress. 

The companies are established as above and 
the movement is executed in a similar man- 
ner. The company may be opened to the 
right, left, and rear, etc., or to the right, left, 
front, and rear, in a similar manner. For 
the last, the command is, 

B. Front and Rear Open Square. 

In opening column the companies are 
established on the new position of the front 
company, and in opening lines on the new 
position of the right company, unless in 
either case one of the companies stands fast. 



263 



* + 





2 






2 


4 



1 










□ □ * □ a 



FJJLL DISTANCE CLOSE SQUARE. 
* 



4- 3 

FULL DISTANCE LEFT. 

CLOSE SQUARE. 



2 \ 







4 3 

FULL DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR CLOSE SQUARE. 



□ 



* 
Ji 3 



. r r ; — i • i — | 



* 

G 



2 1 

■ ■ 

F.ULL DISTANCE CLOSE LINEv 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance or in Open Order. 

B. (to close order, etc., or) to Full Distance Close 
Square. 

E. F. 1st G. Left face, forward. 

L. F. 2d G. Eight face, forward. 

E. Er. 3d G. Left half face, forward. 

L. Er. Uh G. Eight half face, forward. 

The right guide establishes the right com- 
pany and the others are established upon it. 

March. 

The rear companies are marched to the 
front as soon as they come in rear of their 
new positions. 

The square, or any part of it, may be 
closed to the front, rear, right, etc., by in- 
verse means to those described for open- 
ing it. But if only a part of the square is 
moved, all the companies are established 
upon those that stand fast. 



265 



BATTALION. 

Line of Companies at Full Distance or in 
Close Order. 

B. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Line. 

E. 3d G. Bight face, forward. 

E. C. 1st G Right face, forward. 

L. C. 2d C. Left face, forward. 

L. teh G. Left face, forward. 

The right guide establishes the compa- 
nies of the right division, and the left guide 
those of the left division. 

The rear battalion markers take their 
places on a line with the front markers and 
at half-battalion distance from them. The 
guides are on the flanks at half-company 
distance from the company guides. 

Divisions are extended by similar means, 
and so are the companies of each divis- 
ion. 

The battalion in line may be extended 
while gaining ground to the front or rear, 
by making a third of a turn to reach their 
new positions before obliquing. 

The battalion is closed by inverse means. 
The companies are established upon the 
266 



BATTALION. 

right of the right-centre company or upon 
the front of the front-centre company, ex- 
cepting that when one company stands fast 
the others are established on it. 

A square, line, or column of companies 
may be transposed while extending or clos- 
ing by observing the principles above indi- 
cated, viz., to combine the direct and oblique 
marches so as not to crowd the units. 



267 



4 2 1 .3 

d □ 

DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE; 




rr 



"□ n 



_/ 



DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



□ d 



2 1 

4 3 



~n ct 



a 



"□ LT" 



TREBLE DISTANCE. 
OPEN COLUMNS. 



TREBLE DISTANCE. 
OPEN LINES. 



BATTALION. 

Squake at Full Distance. 

B. At Double, etc., Distance Form Line. 

The companies are marched by the flank. 
The rear companies are obliqued in time to 
come on the line in their new positions. 

Line of Companies at Full Distance. 
B. at Double Distance Form Square. 

The companies are established as in open- 
ing the square. The centre companies are 
marched to the front and then obliqued to 
their places. The flank companies are faced 
inward (if necessary) and marched by the 
flank. 



269 



* 

4 2 



* • 



b 



x 



4 3 

FULL DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



\ 



" D" 



3 V 



2 1 

FULL-DISXANCE FORM SQUARE. 



U 



□ n • 



(• 



• a 



LT 

2 

CJ 



U 



n 



3 

FULL DISTANCE CLOSE. LlTfE. 



FULL DISTANCE CLOSE 
COLUMNS. 



inn 



1 



; 


mi 


i 


!o 


+ > 


+ 



□' □ 



2 1 3 

FT COMPANIES FRO 
TREBLE DISTANCE FORM'SQUARE. 



RIGHT AND LEFT COMPANIES FRONT. REAR COMPANIES CEN 

£ORM LINE. 



2 

■ 









u □ d 



double distance forward open line. 



BATTALION. 

Column of Companies Full Distance or 
Close Order. 

C. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 

F. 1st C. Forward, guide right. 
F. C. 3d G. Forward, guide right. 
Rr. C. 2d G. Forward, guide right. 
Er. Uh G. Right dress. 

The guides establish the new positions 
of the centre companies under direction of 
the sergeant-major. 

March. 

The companies step out and are estab- 
lished upon their markers. 

The battalion markers take places corre- 
sponding to those in a line in open order. 



272 



□ □ 



Hi 





i — » 



___ 



2 1 

4 3 



FRONT COMPANIES FRONT. 



4 3 

DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 
FRONT LI 



4^ 2 



-u rr 



~ n ~~n n 



BY DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE FORM LINE. 



■ . | . p , ,~ o=— *y_. -^fc| • 



4 2 13 

■ a 



BY DIVISION BATTALION D'STANCE OPEN LINE. 



A 4 J- J? A A J- 

REINFORCEMENTS «... «... »- — 



i a pa ■ ■ ■ i 



• • • 



bl -a. 






• • • 

REGIMENT IN FORMATION FOR COMBAT* 



BATTALION. 

Square at Full Distance. 

B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Open 
Square. March. 

The battalion opens to double distance, 
and then the front companies continue to 
advance until they are four hundred yards 
in front of the rear companies. As soon as 
the square has been opened the adjutant, 
sergeant-major, guides and markers go to 
the major. The guides keep 5 yards behind 
him, and the markers in square, at full dis- 
tance, 2£ yards behind the guides, until 
their services are required. 

After advancing 400 yards the front com- 
panies are halted by their chiefs, who com- 
mand : 

O. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
Square. March. 

The company is opened as explained in 
the School of the Company. 

* B. For Combat, Treble Distance, Two Hun- 
dred Yards, Open Square. March. 

The same, excepting that all the squares 

275 



BATTALION. 

are opened to treble distance ; the front 
companies advance two hundred yards ; the 
front sections and fours one hundred yards, 

* B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Open 
Square. Front Sections, Half Company Dis- 
tance, Open Front Line. March. 

The front fours of the first sections sepa- 
rate until they are at battalion distance. 

* B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Front, 

Companies and Sections Front. March. 

Executed on similar principles. The front 
units open line and the rear units remain at 
full distance, as already explained. 

Formation for Combat. 

B. To Full Distance, Rear Close Square. 

B. To Two Hundred Yards Close Column, or 
Rear Close Column. 

* B. Rear Companies to Four Times Distance 

Open Line. 

* B. Front Companies to Full Distance Close 

Squares. 

* B. To Treble Distance, Right Rear Into Line, 

Etc., Etc. 

Are executed on the same principles as at 
276 



BATTALION. 

full distance. After forming for combat the 
line may be re-enforced in any manner that 
may be required. The four sections and 
companies on the firing line do not change 
their distances unless it is so specified in the 
command. 

B. Companies and Battalion Rear Section and 
Companies, Centre, Into Line. 

B. Platoons and Divisions Right Into Line. 
B. Companies and Battalion into Line. 

B. Right and Left Companies Right and Left 
Into Line, Battalion Into Line. 

By these movements a line is formed cover- 
ing tV to> h or t x f = ¥ of a battalion 
front ; so as to make a firing line of about 
2 men to a yard, 1J men to a yard, one man 
to 14 yards, or one man to 2f yards. 

B. Companies and Battalion Right into Line. 

Thus the line is extended, battalion front 
to the right, with one man to If yards. 

277 



BATTALION. 

B. Right Rear Company, Battalion Distance 
Right of Firing Line, at Double Distance, 
Half Left Into Line. 

B. Left Rear Company Fifty Yards in Front of 
Firing Line, Treble Distance Into Line. 

B. Right Rear Company, Centre of Firing Line, 
Close Order. 

In this manner the line may be re-enforced, 
extended, or passed, or an offensive or de- 
fensive crotchet may be formed on either 
flank. 

Square at Full Distance. 

* B. Eight, Four and Two Hundred Yards For- 
ward, Open Front Lines. March. 

The rear companies stand fast. The 
front companies make a third of a turn 
outward, and advance 800 yards. Each 
captain then halts his company, turns it 
to the front, and commands : 

C. Four and Two Hundred Yards Forward, 
Open Front Line. March. 

The rear sections halt. The front sec- 
tions make a third of a turn outward, and 
279 



BATTALION. 

advance 400 yards. Each sergeant halts 
his section, turns it to the front, and com- 
mands : 

S. Front Fours Right Twos Front. March. 

Executed by the right two of each of the 
front fours, as prescribed for Front Fours 
Front. 

S. Two Hundred Yards Forward, Open Front 
Line. March. 

The corporals, followed by the twos, 
make a third of a face outward, advance 
two hundred yards and halt. 

The squares are closed to full distance 
as in the formations for combat, etc. 



280 



SCHOOL OF THE REGIMENT. 

The organization and manoeuvres of the 
regiment are so similar to those of the bat- 
talion, that they will be readily understood 
by substituting Colonel for Major, Captain 
for Chief of Section, etc. 



APPLICATION TO THE HIGHER 
UNITS. 

Will depend upon the Organization of 
the Brigades, Divisions, Army Corps, Armies, 
Grand Armies, etc. 



281 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



